EURASIAN ASSOCIATION OF CARDIOLOGY (EAC)/ RUSSIAN NATIONAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS SOCIETY (RNAS, RUSSIA) GUIDELINES FOR THE DIAGNOSIS AND CORRECTION OF DYSLIPIDEMIA FOR THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS (2020)
https://doi.org/10.38109/2225-1685-2020-2-6-29
Abstract
Disclaimer РThe EAC/RNAS Guidelines represent the views of the EAC and RNAS, and were produced after careful consideration of the scientific and medical knowledge, and the evidence available at the time of their publication. The EAC and RNAS is not responsible in the event of any contradiction, discrepancy, and/or ambiguity between the EAC/RNAS Guidelines and any other official recommendations or guidelines issued by the relevant public health authorities, in particular in relation to good use of healthcare or therapeutic strategies. Health professionals are encouraged to take the EAC/RNAS Guidelines fully into account when exercising their clinical judgment, as well as in the determination and the implementation of preventive, diagnostic, or therapeutic medical strategies; however, the EAC/RNAS Guidelines do not override, in any way whatsoever, the individual responsibility of health professionals to make appropriate and accurate decisions in consideration of each patient’s health condition and in consultation with that patient and, where appropriate and/or necessary, the patient’s caregiver. Nor do the EAC/RNAS Guidelines exempt health professionals from taking into full and careful consideration the relevant official updated recommendations or guidelines issued by the competent public health authorities, in order to manage each patient’s case in light of the scientifically accepted data pursuant to their respective ethical and professional obligations. It is also the health professional’s responsibility to verify the applicable rules and regulations relating to drugs and medical devices at the time of prescription.
Members of the Working Group confirmed the lack of financial support / conflict of interest. In the event of a conflict of interest being reported, the member (s) of the Working Group was (were) excluded from the discussion of sections related to the area of conflict of interest.
About the Authors
V. V. KukharchukRussian Federation
Valery V. Kukharchuk
Working group
M. V. Ezhov
Russian Federation
Marat V. Ezhov MD, PhD, DMSc, Main Researcher, Head of Laboratory of Lipid Disorders
3rd Cherepkovskaya street, 15a, Moscow 121552
Phone/Fax:+7-495-414-6067
Working group
I. V. Sergienko
Russian Federation
Igor V. Sergienko
Working group
G. G. Arabidze
Russian Federation
Grigory G. Arabidze
Working group
T. V. Balakhonova
Russian Federation
Tatyana V. Balakhonova
Working group
V. S. Gurevich
Russian Federation
Victor S. Gurevich
Working group
P. A. Zelveyan
Armenia
Parunak A. Zelveyan
Working group
T. M. Murataliev
Kyrgyzstan
Tulkun M. Murataliev
Working group
G. Sh. Myrzakhmetova
Kazakhstan
Gulzhan Sh. Myrzakhmetova
Working group
O. A. Sudzhaeva
Belarus
Olga A. Sudzhaeva
Working group
A. B. Shek
Uzbekistan
Alexander B. Shek
Working group
V. A. Azizov
Azerbaijan
Vasadat A. Azizov
Working group
N. B. Gornyakova
Russian Federation
Natalya B. Gornyakova
Working group
M. A. Kachkovsky
Russian Federation
Michael A. Kachkovsky
Working group
P. P. Malyshev
Russian Federation
Pavel P. Malyshev
Working group
S. N. Pokrovsky
Russian Federation
Sergei N. Pokrovsky
Working group
A. A. Sokolov
Russian Federation
Alexey A. Sokolov
Working group
A. B. Sumarokov
Russian Federation
Alexander B. Sumarokov
Working group
A. G. Obrezan
Russian Federation
Andrei G. Obrezan
Working group
I. I. Shaposhnik
Russian Federation
Igor I. Shaposhnik
Working group
M. B. Antsiferov
Russian Federation
Michael B. Antsiferov
Co-authors of the guidelines
A. A. Ansheles
Russian Federation
Alexey A. Ansheles
Co-authors of the guidelines
D. M. Aronov
Russian Federation
David M. Aronov
Co-authors of the guidelines
N. M. Akhmedzhanov
Russian Federation
Nadir M. Akhmedzhanov
Co-authors of the guidelines
O. L. Barbarash
Russian Federation
Ol’ga L. Barbarash
Co-authors of the guidelines
S. A. Boytsov
Russian Federation
Sergei A. Boytsov
Co-authors of the guidelines
M. G. Bubnova
Russian Federation
Marina G. Bubnova
Co-authors of the guidelines
M. I. Voevoda
Russian Federation
Michael I. Voevoda
Co-authors of the guidelines
G. R. Galstyan
Russian Federation
Gagik R. Galstyan
Co-authors of the guidelines
A. S. Galyavich
Russian Federation
Albert S. Galyavich
Co-authors of the guidelines
O. M. Drapkina
Russian Federation
Oksana M. Drapkina
Co-authors of the guidelines
D. V. Duplyakov
Russian Federation
Dmitrij V. Duplyakov
Co-authors of the guidelines
S. Ya. Eregin
Russian Federation
Sergei Ya. Eregin
Co-authors of the guidelines
R. S. Karpov
Russian Federation
Rostislav S. Karpov
Co-authors of the guidelines
Yu. A. Karpov
Russian Federation
Yurij A. Karpov
Co-authors of the guidelines
N. A. Koziolova
Russian Federation
Natal’ya A. Koziolova
Co-authors of the guidelines
G. A. Konovalov
Russian Federation
Gennadij A. Konovalov
Co-authors of the guidelines
V. O. Konstantinov
Russian Federation
Vladimir O. Konstantinov
Co-authors of the guidelines
E. D. Kosmacheva
Russian Federation
Elena D. Kosmacheva
Co-authors of the guidelines
S. V. Nedogoda
Russian Federation
Sergej V. Nedogoda
Co-authors of the guidelines
V. E. Olejnikov
Russian Federation
Valentin E. Olejnikov
Co-authors of the guidelines
Yu. I. Ragino
Russian Federation
Yuliya I. Ragino
Co-authors of the guidelines
V. V. Skibickij
Russian Federation
Vitalij V. Skibickij
Co-authors of the guidelines
O. G. Smolenskaya
Russian Federation
Ol’ga G. Smolenskaya
Co-authors of the guidelines
Yu. Sh. Halimov
Russian Federation
Yurij Sh. Halimov
Co-authors of the guidelines
I. E. Chazova
Russian Federation
Irina E. Chazova
Co-authors of the guidelines
A. E. Filippov
Russian Federation
Aleksandr E. Filippov
Co-authors of the guidelines
M. V. Shestakova
Russian Federation
Marina V. Shestakova
Co-authors of the guidelines
S. S. Yakushin
Russian Federation
Sergei S. Yakushin
Co-authors of the guidelines
References
1. Healthcare development strategy in the Russian Federation for the period until 2025. Presidential Decree of the Russian Federation of June 6, 2019 No. 254. Moscow, 2019 (in Russ.).
2. Russia in numbers 2019. A brief statistical compilation. M.: Rosstat. 2019 (in Russ.).
3. Ezhov M.V., Sergienko I.V., D.M. Aronov et al. Diagnostics and correction of lipid metabolism disorders in order to prevent and treat atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis and dyslipidemia. 2017. (3):5-22 (in Russ.).
4. Piepoli M.F., Hoes A.W., Agewall S., et al. 2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Eur Heart J. 2016. 37(29): 2315-2381. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw106
5. Mach F., Baigent C., Catapano A.L., et al. 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Eur Heart J. 2019. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455
6. Langsted A., Nordestgaard B.G. Nonfasting versus fasting lipid profile for cardiovascular risk prediction. Pathology. 2019. 51(2): 131-141. doi: 10.1016/j.pathol.2018.09.062
7. Farukhi Z., Mora S. The Future of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in an Era of Nonfasting Lipid Testing and Potent Low-Density Lipoprotein Lowering. Circulation. 2018. 137(1): 20-23. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.031857
8. Langsted A., Nordestgaard B.G. Nonfasting Lipids, Lipoproteins, and Apolipoproteins in Individuals with and without Diabetes: 58 434 Individuals from the Copenhagen General Population Study. Clin Chem. 2010. 57(3): 482-489. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2010.157164
9. Meijboom W.B., Meijs M.F., Schuijf J.D., et al. Diagnostic accuracy of 64-slice computed tomography coronary angiography: a prospective, multicenter, multivendor study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008. 52(25): 2135- 2144. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.08.058
10. Agatston A.S., Janowitz W.R., Hildner F.J., et al. Quantification of coronary artery calcium using ultrafast computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1990. 15(4): 827-832. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(90)90282-t
11. Serrano C.V., de Mattos F.R., Pitta F.G., et al. Association between Neutrophil-Lymphocyte and Platelet-Lymphocyte Ratios and Coronary Artery Calcification Score among Asymptomatic Patients: Data from a Cross-Sectional Study. Mediators Inflamm. 2019. 2019: 1-8. doi: 10.1155/2019/6513847
12. Perk J., De Backer G., Gohlke H., et al. European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012). Atherosclerosis. 2012. 223(1): 1-68. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.05.007
13. Mortensen M.B., Falk E., Li D., et al. Statin Trials, Cardiovascular Events, and Coronary Artery Calcification. JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging. 2018. 11(2): 221-230. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2017.01.029
14. McDermott M.M., Kramer C.M., Tian L., et al. Plaque Composition in the Proximal Superficial Femoral Artery and Peripheral Artery Disease Events. JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging. 2017. 10(9): 1003-1012. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2016.08.012
15. Sillesen H., Sartori S., Sandholt B., et al. Carotid plaque thickness and carotid plaque burden predict future cardiovascular events in asymptomatic adult Americans. European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Imaging. 2017. 19(9): 1042-1050. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jex239
16. Perrone-Filardi P., Achenbach S., Mohlenkamp S., et al. Cardiac computed tomography and myocardial perfusion scintigraphy for risk stratification in asymptomatic individuals without known cardiovascular disease: a position statement of the Working Group on Nuclear Cardiology and Cardiac CT of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2010. 32(16): 1986-1993. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq235
17. Den Ruijter H.M., Peters S.A.E., Anderson T.J., et al. Common Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Measurements in Cardiovascular Risk Prediction. JAMA. 2012. 308(8): 796-803. doi: 10.1001/jama.2012.9630
18. Stein J.H., Korcarz C.E., Hurst R.T., et al. Use of Carotid Ultrasound to Identify Subclinical Vascular Disease and Evaluate Cardiovascular Disease Risk: A Consensus Statement from the American Society of Echocardiography Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Task Force Endorsed by the Society for Vascular Medicine. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography. 2008. 21(2): 93-111. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2007.11.011
19. Vlachopoulos C., Xaplanteris P., Aboyans V., et al. The role of vascular biomarkers for primary and secondary prevention. A position paper from the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on peripheral circulation. Atherosclerosis. 2015. 241(2): 507-532. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.05.007
20. Robinson J.G., Williams K.J., Gidding S., et al. Eradicating the Burden of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease by Lowering Apolipoprotein B Lipoproteins Earlier in Life. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018. 7(20). doi: 10.1161/jaha.118.009778
21. Kamstrup P.R. Lipoprotein(a): the common, likely causal, yet elusive risk factor for cardiovascular disease. J Lipid Res. 2017. 58(9): 1731-1732. doi: 10.1194/jlr.c079111
22. Tsimikas S., Fazio S., Ferdinand K.C., et al. NHLBI Working Group Recommendations to Reduce Lipoprotein(a)-Mediated Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Aortic Stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018. 71(2): 177-192. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.11.014
23. Eckel R.H., Jakicic J.M., Ard J.D., et al. 2013 AHA/ACC Guideline on Lifestyle Management to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk. Circulation. 2013. 129(25 suppl 2): S76-S99. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.0000437740.48606.d1
24. de Lorgeril M., Salen P., Martin J.-L., et al. Mediterranean Diet, Traditional Risk Factors, and the Rate of Cardiovascular Complications After Myocardial Infarction. Circulation. 1999. 99(6): 779-785. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.99.6.779
25. Estruch R., Ros E., Salas-Salvado J., et al. Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease with a Mediterranean Diet Supplemented with Extra-Virgin Olive Oil or Nuts. N Engl J Med. 2018. 378(25): e34. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1800389
26. Mozaffarian D., Lemaitre R.N., King I.B., et al. Plasma Phospholipid LongChain ω-3 Fatty Acids and Total and Cause-Specific Mortality in Older Adults. Ann Intern Med. 2013. 158(7): 515-525. doi: 10.7326/0003- 4819-158-7-201304020-00003
27. Lu Z., Kou W., Du B., et al. Effect of Xuezhikang, an Extract From Red Yeast Chinese Rice, on Coronary Events in a Chinese Population With Previous Myocardial Infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2008. 101(12): 1689- 1693. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.02.056
28. Li Y., Jiang L., Jia Z., et al. A Meta-Analysis of Red Yeast Rice: An Effective and Relatively Safe Alternative Approach for Dyslipidemia. PLoS One. 2014. 9(6): e98611. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098611
29. Taylor F., Huffman M.D., Macedo A.F., et al. Statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013. doi: 10.1002/14651858.cd004816.pub5
30. Sever P.S., Dahlöf B., Poulter N.R., et al. Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the AngloScandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial—Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOTLLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. The Lancet. 2003. 361(9364): 1149-1158. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(03)12948-0
31. Colhoun H.M., Betteridge D.J., Durrington P.N., et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet. 2004. 364(9435): 685- 696. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(04)16895-5
32. Schwartz G.G. Effects of Atorvastatin on Early Recurrent Ischemic Events in Acute Coronary SyndromesThe MIRACL Study: A Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA. 2001. 285(13): 1711. doi: 10.1001/jama.285.13.1711
33. Cannon C.P., Braunwald E., McCabe C.H., et al. Intensive versus moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2004. 350(15): 1495-1504. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa040583
34. Patti G., Pasceri V., Colonna G., et al. Atorvastatin Pretreatment Improves Outcomes in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes Undergoing Early Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007. 49(12): 1272-1278. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.02.025
35. Shepherd J., Kastelein J.J., Bittner V., et al. Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and chronic kidney disease: the TNT (Treating to New Targets) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008. 51(15): 1448-1454. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.11.072
36. Athyros V.G., Papageorgiou A.A., Mercouris B.R., et al. Treatment with atorvastatin to the National Cholesterol Educational Program goal versus ‘usual’ care in secondary coronary heart disease prevention. The GREek Atorvastatin and Coronary-heart-disease Evaluation (GREACE) study. Curr Med Res Opin. 2002. 18(4): 220-228. doi: 10.1185/030079902125000787
37. Amarenco P., Bogousslavsky J., Callahan A., 3rd, et al. High-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attack. N Engl J Med. 2006. 355(6): 549-559. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa061894
38. Newman C.B., Palmer G., Silbershatz H., et al. Safety of atorvastatin derived from analysis of 44 completed trials in 9,416 patients. Am J Cardiol. 2003. 92(6): 670-676. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9149(03)00820-8
39. Group S.C. Study of Heart and Renal Protection (SHARP): Randomized trial to assess the effects of lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol among 9,438 patients with chronic kidney disease. Am Heart J. 2010. 160(5): 785-794.e710. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2010.08.012
40. Abifadel M., Varret M., Rabès J.-P., et al. Mutations in PCSK9 cause autosomal dominant hypercholesterolemia. Nat Genet. 2003. 34(2): 154-156. doi: 10.1038/ng1161
41. Norata G.D., Tibolla G., Catapano A.L. Targeting PCSK9 for Hypercholesterolemia. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 2014. 54(1): 273-293. doi: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-011613-140025
42. Cannon C.P., Blazing M.A., Giugliano R.P., et al. Ezetimibe Added to Statin Therapy after Acute Coronary Syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2015. 372(25): 2387-2397. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1410489
43. Sabatine M.S., Giugliano R.P., Keech A.C., et al. Evolocumab and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease. New England Journal of Medicine. 2017. 376(18): 1713-1722. doi: 10.1056/nejmoa1615664
44. Giugliano R.P., Pedersen T.R., Park J.-G., et al. Clinical efficacy and safety of achieving very low LDL-cholesterol concentrations with the PCSK9 inhibitor evolocumab: a prespecified secondary analysis of the FOURIER trial. The Lancet. 2017. 390(10106): 1962-1971. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(17)32290-0
45. Boekholdt S.M., Hovingh G.K., Mora S., et al. Very Low Levels of Atherogenic Lipoproteins and the Risk for Cardiovascular Events. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014. 64(5): 485-494. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.02.615
46. Schwartz G.G., Steg P.G., Szarek M., et al. Alirocumab and Cardiovascular Outcomes after Acute Coronary Syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2018. 379(22): 2097-2107. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1801174
47. Castelli W.P. Epidemiology of triglycerides: A view from Framingham. Am J Cardiol. 1992. 70(19): H3-H9. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(92)91083-g
48. Barter P., Gotto A.M., LaRosa J.C., et al. HDL Cholesterol, Very Low Levels of LDL Cholesterol, and Cardiovascular Events. New England Journal of Medicine. 2007. 357(13): 1301-1310. doi: 10.1056/nejmoa064278
49. Carey V.J., Bishop L., Laranjo N., et al. Contribution of High Plasma Triglycerides and Low High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol to Residual Risk of Coronary Heart Disease After Establishment of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Control. Am J Cardiol. 2010. 106(6): 757-763. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.05.002
50. Aguiar C., Alegria E., Bonadonna R.C., et al. A review of the evidence on reducing macrovascular risk in patients with atherogenic dyslipidaemia: A report from an expert consensus meeting on the role of fenofibrate– statin combination therapy. Atherosclerosis Supplements. 2015. 19: 1-12. doi: 10.1016/s1567-5688(15)30001-5
51. National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection E., Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in A. Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation. 2002. 106(25): 3143-3421. doi:
52. Hegele R.A., Ginsberg H.N., Chapman M.J., et al. The polygenic nature of hypertriglyceridaemia: implications for definition, diagnosis, and management. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014. 2(8): 655-666. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(13)70191-8
53. Ghandehari H., Kamal-Bahl S., Wong N.D. Prevalence and extent of dyslipidemia and recommended lipid levels in US adults with and without cardiovascular comorbidities: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2004. Am Heart J. 2008. 156(1): 112-119. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2008.03.005
54. Gitt A.K., Drexel H., Feely J., et al. Persistent lipid abnormalities in statintreated patients and predictors of LDL-cholesterol goal achievement in clinical practice in Europe and Canada. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2011. 19(2): 221-230. doi: 10.1177/1741826711400545
55. Yuan G., Al-Shali K.Z., Hegele R.A. Hypertriglyceridemia: its etiology, effects and treatment. Can Med Assoc J. 2007. 176(8): 1113-1120. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.060963
56. Reaven G.M., Chen Y.D., Jeppesen J., et al. Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia in individuals with small, dense low density lipoprotein particles. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1993. 92(1): 141-146. doi: 10.1172/jci116541
57. Ridker P.M., Rifai N., Cook N.R., et al. Non–HDL Cholesterol, Apolipoproteins A-I and B100, Standard Lipid Measures, Lipid Ratios, and CRP as Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in Women. JAMA. 2005. 294(3): 326. doi: 10.1001/jama.294.3.326
58. Effects of Combination Lipid Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. New England Journal of Medicine. 2010. 362(17): 1563-1574. doi: 10.1056/nejmoa1001282
59. Bhatt D.L., Steg P.G., Miller M., et al. Cardiovascular Risk Reduction with Icosapent Ethyl for Hypertriglyceridemia. New England Journal of Medicine. 2019. 380(1): 11-22. doi: 10.1056/nejmoa1812792
60. Fruchart J.C., Duriez P. Mode of action of fibrates in the regulation of triglyceride and HDL-cholesterol metabolism. Drugs of Today. 2006. 42(1): 39. doi: 10.1358/dot.2006.42.1.963528
61. Keating G.M., Croom K.F. Fenofibrate. Drugs. 2007. 67(1): 121-153. doi: 10.2165/00003495-200767010-00013
62. Cholesterol Treatment Trialists C., Baigent C., Blackwell L., et al. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials. Lancet. 2010. 376(9753): 1670-1681. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61350-5
63. Mark L., Dani G., Fazekas Ö., et al. Effects of ezetimibe on lipids and lipoproteins in patients with hypercholesterolemia and different apolipoprotein E genotypes. Curr Med Res Opin. 2007. 23(7): 1541- 1548. doi: 10.1185/030079907x199817
64. Kim N.H., Han K.H., Choi J., et al. Use of fenofibrate on cardiovascular outcomes in statin users with metabolic syndrome: propensity matched cohort study. BMJ. 2019. 366: l5125. doi: 10.1136/bmj.l5125
65. Effect of fenofibrate on progression of coronary-artery disease in type 2 diabetes: the Diabetes Atherosclerosis Intervention Study, a randomised study. The Lancet. 2001. 357(9260): 905-910. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(00)04209-4
66. Effects of long-term fenofibrate therapy on cardiovascular events in 9795 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the FIELD study): randomised controlled trial. The Lancet. 2005. 366(9500): 1849-1861. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67667-2
67. Kovacs C.S., Seshiah V., Swallow R., et al. Empagliflozin improves glycaemic and weight control as add-on therapy to pioglitazone or pioglitazone plus metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes: a 24-week, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2013. 16(2): 147-158. doi: 10.1111/dom.12188
68. Zinman B., Wanner C., Lachin J.M., et al. Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine. 2015. 373(22): 2117-2128. doi: 10.1056/nejmoa1504720
69. Marso S.P., Daniels G.H., Brown-Frandsen K., et al. Liraglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine. 2016. 375(4): 311-322. doi: 10.1056/nejmoa1603827
70. Marso S.P., Bain S.C., Consoli A., et al. Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016. 375(19): 1834-1844. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1607141
71. Cosentino F., Grant P.J., Aboyans V., et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD. Eur Heart J. 2019. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz486
72. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). The Lancet. 1998. 352(9131): 854-865. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(98)07037-8
73. Nordestgaard B.G., Chapman M.J., Humphries S.E., et al. Familial hypercholesterolaemia is underdiagnosed and undertreated in the general population: guidance for clinicians to prevent coronary heart disease: consensus statement of the European Atherosclerosis Society. Eur Heart J. 2013. 34(45): 3478-3490a. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht273
74. Rosengren A. Better treatment and improved prognosis in elderly patients with AMI: but do registers tell the whole truth? Eur Heart J. 2012. 33(5): 562-563. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehr364
75. Prospective Studies C., Lewington S., Whitlock G., et al. Blood cholesterol and vascular mortality by age, sex, and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of individual data from 61 prospective studies with 55,000 vascular deaths. Lancet. 2007. 370(9602): 1829-1839. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61778-4
76. Second Joint Task Force of E. Prevention of coronary heart disease in clinical practice Recommendations of the Second Joint Task Force of European and other Societies on Coronary Prevention. Eur Heart J. 1998. 19(10): 1434-1503. doi: 10.1053/euhj.1998.1243
77. Lloyd-Jones D.M., Leip E.P., Larson M.G., et al. Prediction of Lifetime Risk for Cardiovascular Disease by Risk Factor Burden at 50 Years of Age. Circulation. 2006. 113(6): 791-798. doi: 10.1161/circulationaha.105.548206
78. Berry J.D., Dyer A., Cai X., et al. Lifetime Risks of Cardiovascular Disease. New England Journal of Medicine. 2012. 366(4): 321-329. doi: 10.1056/nejmoa1012848
79. Giang K.W., Björck L., Novak M., et al. Stroke and coronary heart disease: predictive power of standard risk factors into old age—longterm cumulative risk study among men in Gothenburg, Sweden. Eur Heart J. 2013. 34(14): 1068-1074. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs458
80. Wilhelmsen L., Svärdsudd K., Eriksson H., et al. Factors associated with reaching 90 years of age: a study of men born in 1913 in Gothenburg, Sweden. J Intern Med. 2010. 269(4): 441-451. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02331.x
81. Reiner Ž. Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease with Statins in the Elderly. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2014. 16(7). doi: 10.1007/s11883-014-0420-6
82. Savarese G., Gotto A.M., Paolillo S., et al. Benefits of Statins in Elderly Subjects Without Established Cardiovascular Disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013. 62(22): 2090-2099. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.07.069
83. Shepherd J., Blauw G.J., Murphy M.B., et al. Pravastatin in elderly individuals at risk of vascular disease (PROSPER): a randomised controlled trial. The Lancet. 2002. 360(9346): 1623-1630. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(02)11600-x
84. Deedwania P., Stone P.H., Bairey Merz C.N., et al. Effects of Intensive Versus Moderate Lipid-Lowering Therapy on Myocardial Ischemia in Older Patients With Coronary Heart Disease. Circulation. 2007. 115(6): 700-707. doi: 10.1161/circulationaha.106.654756
85. Miettinen T.A., Pyorä lä K., Olsson A.G., et al. Cholesterol-Lowering ̈ Therapy in Women and Elderly Patients With Myocardial Infarction or Angina Pectoris. Circulation. 1997. 96(12): 4211-4218. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.96.12.4211
86. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20 536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebocontrolled trial. The Lancet. 2002. 360(9326): 7-22. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(02)09327-3
87. Baigent C., Landray M.J., Reith C., et al. The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with simvastatin plus ezetimibe in patients with chronic kidney disease (Study of Heart and Renal Protection): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2011. 377(9784): 2181-2192. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60739-3
88. Tonelli M., Wanner C. Lipid Management in Chronic Kidney Disease: Synopsis of the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes 2013 Clinical Practice Guideline. Ann Intern Med. 2014. 160(3): 182-189. doi: 10.7326/m13-2453
89. Naci H., Brugts J., Ades T. Comparative Tolerability and Harms of Individual Statins. Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes. 2013. 6(4): 390-399. doi: 10.1161/circoutcomes.111.000071
90. Bruckert E., Hayem G., Dejager S., et al. Mild to Moderate Muscular Symptoms with High-Dosage Statin Therapy in Hyperlipidemic Patients —The PRIMO Study. Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy. 2005. 19(6): 403-414. doi: 10.1007/s10557-005-5686-z
91. Davidson M.H., Clark J.A., Glass L.M., et al. Statin Safety: An Appraisal from the Adverse Event Reporting System. Am J Cardiol. 2006. 97(8): S32-S43. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.12.008
92. Marcum Z.A., Vande Griend J.P., Linnebur S.A. FDA drug safety communications: a narrative review and clinical considerations for older adults. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2012. 10(4): 264-271. doi: 10.1016/j.amjopharm.2012.05.002
93. Chalasani N., Aljadhey H., Kesterson J., et al. Patients with elevated liver enzymes are not at higher risk for statin hepatotoxicity. Gastroenterology. 2004. 126(5): 1287-1292. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2004.02.015
94. Vuppalanchi R., Chalasani N., Teal E. Patients with Elevated Baseline Liver Enzymes Do Not Have Higher Frequency of Hepatotoxicity from Lovastatin than Those with Normal Baseline Liver Enzymes. Am J Med Sci. 2005. 329(2): 62-65. doi: 10.1097/00000441-200502000-00002
95. Dongiovanni P., Petta S., Mannisto V., et al. Statin use and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in at risk individuals. J Hepatol. 2015. 63(3): 705-712. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.05.006
96. Law M., Rudnicka A.R. Statin safety: a systematic review. Am J Cardiol. 2006. 97(8A): 52C-60C. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.12.010
97. Li Y.H., Ueng K.C., Jeng J.S., et al. 2017 Taiwan lipid guidelines for high risk patients. J Formos Med Assoc. 2017. 116(4): 217-248. doi: 10.1016/j.jfma.2016.11.013
Review
For citations:
Kukharchuk V.V., Ezhov M.V., Sergienko I.V., Arabidze G.G., Balakhonova T.V., Gurevich V.S., Zelveyan P.A., Murataliev T.M., Myrzakhmetova G.Sh., Sudzhaeva O.A., Shek A.B., Azizov V.A., Gornyakova N.B., Kachkovsky M.A., Malyshev P.P., Pokrovsky S.N., Sokolov A.A., Sumarokov A.B., Obrezan A.G., Shaposhnik I.I., Antsiferov M.B., Ansheles A.A., Aronov D.M., Akhmedzhanov N.M., Barbarash O.L., Boytsov S.A., Bubnova M.G., Voevoda M.I., Galstyan G.R., Galyavich A.S., Drapkina O.M., Duplyakov D.V., Eregin S.Ya., Karpov R.S., Karpov Yu.A., Koziolova N.A., Konovalov G.A., Konstantinov V.O., Kosmacheva E.D., Nedogoda S.V., Olejnikov V.E., Ragino Yu.I., Skibickij V.V., Smolenskaya O.G., Halimov Yu.Sh., Chazova I.E., Filippov A.E., Shestakova M.V., Yakushin S.S. EURASIAN ASSOCIATION OF CARDIOLOGY (EAC)/ RUSSIAN NATIONAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS SOCIETY (RNAS, RUSSIA) GUIDELINES FOR THE DIAGNOSIS AND CORRECTION OF DYSLIPIDEMIA FOR THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS (2020). Eurasian heart journal. 2020;(2):6-29. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.38109/2225-1685-2020-2-6-29