КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ ЕВРАЗИЙСКОЙ АССОЦИАЦИИ КАРДИОЛОГОВ (ЕАК)/ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОГО ОБЩЕСТВА ПО ИЗУЧЕНИЮ АТЕРОСКЛЕРОЗА (НОА, РОССИЯ) ПО ДИАГНОСТИКЕ И КОРРЕКЦИИ НАРУШЕНИЙ ЛИПИДНОГО ОБМЕНА С ЦЕЛЬЮ ПРОФИЛАКТИКИ И ЛЕЧЕНИЯ АТЕРОСКЛЕРОЗА (2020)

Отказ от ответственности. Рекомендации ЕАК/НОА отражают точку зрения ЕАК и НОА и были подготовлены после тщательного изучения научных и медицинских данных, имеющихся на момент их публикации. ЕАК и НОА не несут ответственности в случае какого-либо противоречия, несоответствия и / или неоднозначности между Рекомендациями ЕАК/НОА и любыми другими официальными рекомендациями или руководствами, выпущенными соответствующими органами общественного здравоохранения, в частности, в отношении правильного использования медицинских или терапевтических стратегий. Медицинским работникам рекомендуется в полной мере учитывать Рекомендации ЕАК/НОА при оценке своего клинического суждения, а также при определении и реализации профилактических, диагностических или терапевтических медицинских стратегий. Тем не менее Рекомендации ЕАК/НОА никоим образом не отменяют индивидуальную ответственность медицинских работников за принятие надлежащих и точных решений с учетом состояния здоровья каждого пациента и в консультации с этим пациентом и, при необходимости и / или необходимости, опекуна пациента. Рекомендации ЕАК/НОА не освобождают медицинских работников от полного и тщательного рассмотрения соответствующих официальных обновленных рекомендаций или руководств, выпущенных компетентными органами общественного здравоохранения, для рассмотрения каждого медицинского случая в свете современных научно обоснованных рекомендаций в соответствии с их этическими и профессиональными обязательствами. Кроме того, медицинский работник обязан проверять действующие правила и положения, касающиеся лекарств и медицинских изделий, на момент назначения по рецепту.

Члены Рабочей группы подтвердили отсутствие финансовой поддержки/ конфликта интересов. В случае сообщения о наличии конфликта интересов член(ы) Рабочей группы был(и) исключен(ы) из обсуждения разделов, связанных с областью конфликта интересов.

1. Стратегия развития здравоохранения в Российской Федерации на период до 2025 года. Указ президента Российской Федерации от 06 июня 2019 г. №254. Москва, 2019.

2. Россия в цифрах 2019. Краткий статистический сборник. М.: Росстат. 2019.

3. Ежов М.В., Сергиенко И.В., Аронов Д.М., et al. Диагностика и коррекция нарушений липидного обмена с целью профилактики и лечения атеросклероза. Атеросклероз и дислипидемии. 2017. Т. 3. С. 5-22.

4. Piepoli M.F., Hoes A.W., Agewall S., et al. 2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Eur Heart J. 2016. 37(29): 2315-2381. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw106

5. Mach F., Baigent C., Catapano A.L., et al. 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Eur Heart J. 2019. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455

6. Langsted A., Nordestgaard B.G. Nonfasting versus fasting lipid profile for cardiovascular risk prediction. Pathology. 2019. 51(2): 131-141. doi: 10.1016/j.pathol.2018.09.062

7. Farukhi Z., Mora S. The Future of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in an Era of Nonfasting Lipid Testing and Potent Low-Density Lipoprotein Lowering. Circulation. 2018. 137(1): 20-23. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.031857

8. Langsted A., Nordestgaard B.G. Nonfasting Lipids, Lipoproteins, and Apolipoproteins in Individuals with and without Diabetes: 58 434 Individuals from the Copenhagen General Population Study. Clin Chem. 2010. 57(3): 482-489. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2010.157164

9. Meijboom W.B., Meijs M.F., Schuijf J.D., et al. Diagnostic accuracy of 64-slice computed tomography coronary angiography: a prospective, multicenter, multivendor study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008. 52(25): 2135- 2144. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.08.058

10. Agatston A.S., Janowitz W.R., Hildner F.J., et al. Quantification of coronary artery calcium using ultrafast computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1990. 15(4): 827-832. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(90)90282-t

11. Serrano C.V., de Mattos F.R., Pitta F.G., et al. Association between Neutrophil-Lymphocyte and Platelet-Lymphocyte Ratios and Coronary Artery Calcification Score among Asymptomatic Patients: Data from a Cross-Sectional Study. Mediators Inflamm. 2019. 2019: 1-8. doi: 10.1155/2019/6513847

12. Perk J., De Backer G., Gohlke H., et al. European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012). Atherosclerosis. 2012. 223(1): 1-68. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.05.007

13. Mortensen M.B., Falk E., Li D., et al. Statin Trials, Cardiovascular Events, and Coronary Artery Calcification. JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging. 2018. 11(2): 221-230. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2017.01.029

14. McDermott M.M., Kramer C.M., Tian L., et al. Plaque Composition in the Proximal Superficial Femoral Artery and Peripheral Artery Disease Events. JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging. 2017. 10(9): 1003-1012. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2016.08.012

15. Sillesen H., Sartori S., Sandholt B., et al. Carotid plaque thickness and carotid plaque burden predict future cardiovascular events in asymptomatic adult Americans. European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Imaging. 2017. 19(9): 1042-1050. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jex239

16. Perrone-Filardi P., Achenbach S., Mohlenkamp S., et al. Cardiac computed tomography and myocardial perfusion scintigraphy for risk stratification in asymptomatic individuals without known cardiovascular disease: a position statement of the Working Group on Nuclear Cardiology and Cardiac CT of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2010. 32(16): 1986-1993. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq235

17. Den Ruijter H.M., Peters S.A.E., Anderson T.J., et al. Common Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Measurements in Cardiovascular Risk Prediction. JAMA. 2012. 308(8): 796-803. doi: 10.1001/jama.2012.9630

18. Stein J.H., Korcarz C.E., Hurst R.T., et al. Use of Carotid Ultrasound to Identify Subclinical Vascular Disease and Evaluate Cardiovascular Disease Risk: A Consensus Statement from the American Society of Echocardiography Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Task Force Endorsed by the Society for Vascular Medicine. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography. 2008. 21(2): 93-111. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2007.11.011

19. Vlachopoulos C., Xaplanteris P., Aboyans V., et al. The role of vascular biomarkers for primary and secondary prevention. A position paper from the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on peripheral circulation. Atherosclerosis. 2015. 241(2): 507-532. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.05.007

20. Robinson J.G., Williams K.J., Gidding S., et al. Eradicating the Burden of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease by Lowering Apolipoprotein B Lipoproteins Earlier in Life. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018. 7(20). doi: 10.1161/jaha.118.009778

21. Kamstrup P.R. Lipoprotein(a): the common, likely causal, yet elusive risk factor for cardiovascular disease. J Lipid Res. 2017. 58(9): 1731-1732. doi: 10.1194/jlr.c079111

22. Tsimikas S., Fazio S., Ferdinand K.C., et al. NHLBI Working Group Recommendations to Reduce Lipoprotein(a)-Mediated Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Aortic Stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018. 71(2): 177-192. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.11.014

23. Eckel R.H., Jakicic J.M., Ard J.D., et al. 2013 AHA/ACC Guideline on Lifestyle Management to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk. Circulation. 2013. 129(25 suppl 2): S76-S99. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.0000437740.48606.d1

24. de Lorgeril M., Salen P., Martin J.-L., et al. Mediterranean Diet, Traditional Risk Factors, and the Rate of Cardiovascular Complications After Myocardial Infarction. Circulation. 1999. 99(6): 779-785. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.99.6.779

25. Estruch R., Ros E., Salas-Salvado J., et al. Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease with a Mediterranean Diet Supplemented with Extra-Virgin Olive Oil or Nuts. N Engl J Med. 2018. 378(25): e34. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1800389

26. Mozaffarian D., Lemaitre R.N., King I.B., et al. Plasma Phospholipid LongChain ω-3 Fatty Acids and Total and Cause-Specific Mortality in Older Adults. Ann Intern Med. 2013. 158(7): 515-525. doi: 10.7326/0003- 4819-158-7-201304020-00003

27. Lu Z., Kou W., Du B., et al. Effect of Xuezhikang, an Extract From Red Yeast Chinese Rice, on Coronary Events in a Chinese Population With Previous Myocardial Infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2008. 101(12): 1689- 1693. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.02.056

28. Li Y., Jiang L., Jia Z., et al. A Meta-Analysis of Red Yeast Rice: An Effective and Relatively Safe Alternative Approach for Dyslipidemia. PLoS One. 2014. 9(6): e98611. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098611

29. Taylor F., Huffman M.D., Macedo A.F., et al. Statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013. doi: 10.1002/14651858.cd004816.pub5

30. Sever P.S., Dahlöf B., Poulter N.R., et al. Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the AngloScandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial—Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOTLLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. The Lancet. 2003. 361(9364): 1149-1158. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(03)12948-0

31. Colhoun H.M., Betteridge D.J., Durrington P.N., et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet. 2004. 364(9435): 685- 696. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(04)16895-5

32. Schwartz G.G. Effects of Atorvastatin on Early Recurrent Ischemic Events in Acute Coronary SyndromesThe MIRACL Study: A Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA. 2001. 285(13): 1711. doi: 10.1001/jama.285.13.1711

33. Cannon C.P., Braunwald E., McCabe C.H., et al. Intensive versus moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2004. 350(15): 1495-1504. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa040583

34. Patti G., Pasceri V., Colonna G., et al. Atorvastatin Pretreatment Improves Outcomes in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes Undergoing Early Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007. 49(12): 1272-1278. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.02.025

35. Shepherd J., Kastelein J.J., Bittner V., et al. Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and chronic kidney disease: the TNT (Treating to New Targets) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008. 51(15): 1448-1454. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.11.072

36. Athyros V.G., Papageorgiou A.A., Mercouris B.R., et al. Treatment with atorvastatin to the National Cholesterol Educational Program goal versus ‘usual’ care in secondary coronary heart disease prevention. The GREek Atorvastatin and Coronary-heart-disease Evaluation (GREACE) study. Curr Med Res Opin. 2002. 18(4): 220-228. doi: 10.1185/030079902125000787

37. Amarenco P., Bogousslavsky J., Callahan A., 3rd, et al. High-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attack. N Engl J Med. 2006. 355(6): 549-559. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa061894

38. Newman C.B., Palmer G., Silbershatz H., et al. Safety of atorvastatin derived from analysis of 44 completed trials in 9,416 patients. Am J Cardiol. 2003. 92(6): 670-676. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9149(03)00820-8

39. Group S.C. Study of Heart and Renal Protection (SHARP): Randomized trial to assess the effects of lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol among 9,438 patients with chronic kidney disease. Am Heart J. 2010. 160(5): 785-794.e710. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2010.08.012

40. Abifadel M., Varret M., Rabès J.-P., et al. Mutations in PCSK9 cause autosomal dominant hypercholesterolemia. Nat Genet. 2003. 34(2): 154-156. doi: 10.1038/ng1161

41. Norata G.D., Tibolla G., Catapano A.L. Targeting PCSK9 for Hypercholesterolemia. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 2014. 54(1): 273-293. doi: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-011613-140025

42. Cannon C.P., Blazing M.A., Giugliano R.P., et al. Ezetimibe Added to Statin Therapy after Acute Coronary Syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2015. 372(25): 2387-2397. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1410489

43. Sabatine M.S., Giugliano R.P., Keech A.C., et al. Evolocumab and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease. New England Journal of Medicine. 2017. 376(18): 1713-1722. doi: 10.1056/nejmoa1615664

44. Giugliano R.P., Pedersen T.R., Park J.-G., et al. Clinical efficacy and safety of achieving very low LDL-cholesterol concentrations with the PCSK9 inhibitor evolocumab: a prespecified secondary analysis of the FOURIER trial. The Lancet. 2017. 390(10106): 1962-1971. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(17)32290-0

45. Boekholdt S.M., Hovingh G.K., Mora S., et al. Very Low Levels of Atherogenic Lipoproteins and the Risk for Cardiovascular Events. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014. 64(5): 485-494. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.02.615

46. Schwartz G.G., Steg P.G., Szarek M., et al. Alirocumab and Cardiovascular Outcomes after Acute Coronary Syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2018. 379(22): 2097-2107. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1801174

47. Castelli W.P. Epidemiology of triglycerides: A view from Framingham. Am J Cardiol. 1992. 70(19): H3-H9. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(92)91083-g

48. Barter P., Gotto A.M., LaRosa J.C., et al. HDL Cholesterol, Very Low Levels of LDL Cholesterol, and Cardiovascular Events. New England Journal of Medicine. 2007. 357(13): 1301-1310. doi: 10.1056/nejmoa064278

49. Carey V.J., Bishop L., Laranjo N., et al. Contribution of High Plasma Triglycerides and Low High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol to Residual Risk of Coronary Heart Disease After Establishment of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Control. Am J Cardiol. 2010. 106(6): 757-763. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.05.002

50. Aguiar C., Alegria E., Bonadonna R.C., et al. A review of the evidence on reducing macrovascular risk in patients with atherogenic dyslipidaemia: A report from an expert consensus meeting on the role of fenofibrate– statin combination therapy. Atherosclerosis Supplements. 2015. 19: 1-12. doi: 10.1016/s1567-5688(15)30001-5

51. National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection E., Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in A. Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation. 2002. 106(25): 3143-3421. doi:

52. Hegele R.A., Ginsberg H.N., Chapman M.J., et al. The polygenic nature of hypertriglyceridaemia: implications for definition, diagnosis, and management. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014. 2(8): 655-666. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(13)70191-8

53. Ghandehari H., Kamal-Bahl S., Wong N.D. Prevalence and extent of dyslipidemia and recommended lipid levels in US adults with and without cardiovascular comorbidities: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2004. Am Heart J. 2008. 156(1): 112-119. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2008.03.005

54. Gitt A.K., Drexel H., Feely J., et al. Persistent lipid abnormalities in statintreated patients and predictors of LDL-cholesterol goal achievement in clinical practice in Europe and Canada. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2011. 19(2): 221-230. doi: 10.1177/1741826711400545

55. Yuan G., Al-Shali K.Z., Hegele R.A. Hypertriglyceridemia: its etiology, effects and treatment. Can Med Assoc J. 2007. 176(8): 1113-1120. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.060963

56. Reaven G.M., Chen Y.D., Jeppesen J., et al. Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia in individuals with small, dense low density lipoprotein particles. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1993. 92(1): 141-146. doi: 10.1172/jci116541

57. Ridker P.M., Rifai N., Cook N.R., et al. Non–HDL Cholesterol, Apolipoproteins A-I and B100, Standard Lipid Measures, Lipid Ratios, and CRP as Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in Women. JAMA. 2005. 294(3): 326. doi: 10.1001/jama.294.3.326

58. Effects of Combination Lipid Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. New England Journal of Medicine. 2010. 362(17): 1563-1574. doi: 10.1056/nejmoa1001282

59. Bhatt D.L., Steg P.G., Miller M., et al. Cardiovascular Risk Reduction with Icosapent Ethyl for Hypertriglyceridemia. New England Journal of Medicine. 2019. 380(1): 11-22. doi: 10.1056/nejmoa1812792

60. Fruchart J.C., Duriez P. Mode of action of fibrates in the regulation of triglyceride and HDL-cholesterol metabolism. Drugs of Today. 2006. 42(1): 39. doi: 10.1358/dot.2006.42.1.963528

61. Keating G.M., Croom K.F. Fenofibrate. Drugs. 2007. 67(1): 121-153. doi: 10.2165/00003495-200767010-00013

62. Cholesterol Treatment Trialists C., Baigent C., Blackwell L., et al. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials. Lancet. 2010. 376(9753): 1670-1681. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61350-5

63. Mark L., Dani G., Fazekas Ö., et al. Effects of ezetimibe on lipids and lipoproteins in patients with hypercholesterolemia and different apolipoprotein E genotypes. Curr Med Res Opin. 2007. 23(7): 1541- 1548. doi: 10.1185/030079907x199817

64. Kim N.H., Han K.H., Choi J., et al. Use of fenofibrate on cardiovascular outcomes in statin users with metabolic syndrome: propensity matched cohort study. BMJ. 2019. 366: l5125. doi: 10.1136/bmj.l5125

65. Effect of fenofibrate on progression of coronary-artery disease in type 2 diabetes: the Diabetes Atherosclerosis Intervention Study, a randomised study. The Lancet. 2001. 357(9260): 905-910. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(00)04209-4

66. Effects of long-term fenofibrate therapy on cardiovascular events in 9795 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the FIELD study): randomised controlled trial. The Lancet. 2005. 366(9500): 1849-1861. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67667-2

67. Kovacs C.S., Seshiah V., Swallow R., et al. Empagliflozin improves glycaemic and weight control as add-on therapy to pioglitazone or pioglitazone plus metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes: a 24-week, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2013. 16(2): 147-158. doi: 10.1111/dom.12188

68. Zinman B., Wanner C., Lachin J.M., et al. Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine. 2015. 373(22): 2117-2128. doi: 10.1056/nejmoa1504720

69. Marso S.P., Daniels G.H., Brown-Frandsen K., et al. Liraglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine. 2016. 375(4): 311-322. doi: 10.1056/nejmoa1603827

70. Marso S.P., Bain S.C., Consoli A., et al. Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016. 375(19): 1834-1844. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1607141

71. Cosentino F., Grant P.J., Aboyans V., et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD. Eur Heart J. 2019. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz486

72. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). The Lancet. 1998. 352(9131): 854-865. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(98)07037-8

73. Nordestgaard B.G., Chapman M.J., Humphries S.E., et al. Familial hypercholesterolaemia is underdiagnosed and undertreated in the general population: guidance for clinicians to prevent coronary heart disease: consensus statement of the European Atherosclerosis Society. Eur Heart J. 2013. 34(45): 3478-3490a. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht273

74. Rosengren A. Better treatment and improved prognosis in elderly patients with AMI: but do registers tell the whole truth? Eur Heart J. 2012. 33(5): 562-563. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehr364

75. Prospective Studies C., Lewington S., Whitlock G., et al. Blood cholesterol and vascular mortality by age, sex, and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of individual data from 61 prospective studies with 55,000 vascular deaths. Lancet. 2007. 370(9602): 1829-1839. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61778-4

76. Second Joint Task Force of E. Prevention of coronary heart disease in clinical practice Recommendations of the Second Joint Task Force of European and other Societies on Coronary Prevention. Eur Heart J. 1998. 19(10): 1434-1503. doi: 10.1053/euhj.1998.1243

77. Lloyd-Jones D.M., Leip E.P., Larson M.G., et al. Prediction of Lifetime Risk for Cardiovascular Disease by Risk Factor Burden at 50 Years of Age. Circulation. 2006. 113(6): 791-798. doi: 10.1161/circulationaha.105.548206

78. Berry J.D., Dyer A., Cai X., et al. Lifetime Risks of Cardiovascular Disease. New England Journal of Medicine. 2012. 366(4): 321-329. doi: 10.1056/nejmoa1012848

79. Giang K.W., Björck L., Novak M., et al. Stroke and coronary heart disease: predictive power of standard risk factors into old age—longterm cumulative risk study among men in Gothenburg, Sweden. Eur Heart J. 2013. 34(14): 1068-1074. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs458

80. Wilhelmsen L., Svärdsudd K., Eriksson H., et al. Factors associated with reaching 90 years of age: a study of men born in 1913 in Gothenburg, Sweden. J Intern Med. 2010. 269(4): 441-451. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02331.x

81. Reiner Ž. Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease with Statins in the Elderly. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2014. 16(7). doi: 10.1007/s11883-014-0420-6

82. Savarese G., Gotto A.M., Paolillo S., et al. Benefits of Statins in Elderly Subjects Without Established Cardiovascular Disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013. 62(22): 2090-2099. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.07.069

83. Shepherd J., Blauw G.J., Murphy M.B., et al. Pravastatin in elderly individuals at risk of vascular disease (PROSPER): a randomised controlled trial. The Lancet. 2002. 360(9346): 1623-1630. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(02)11600-x

84. Deedwania P., Stone P.H., Bairey Merz C.N., et al. Effects of Intensive Versus Moderate Lipid-Lowering Therapy on Myocardial Ischemia in Older Patients With Coronary Heart Disease. Circulation. 2007. 115(6): 700-707. doi: 10.1161/circulationaha.106.654756

85. Miettinen T.A., Pyorä lä K., Olsson A.G., et al. Cholesterol-Lowering ̈ Therapy in Women and Elderly Patients With Myocardial Infarction or Angina Pectoris. Circulation. 1997. 96(12): 4211-4218. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.96.12.4211

86. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20 536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebocontrolled trial. The Lancet. 2002. 360(9326): 7-22. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(02)09327-3

87. Baigent C., Landray M.J., Reith C., et al. The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with simvastatin plus ezetimibe in patients with chronic kidney disease (Study of Heart and Renal Protection): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2011. 377(9784): 2181-2192. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60739-3

88. Tonelli M., Wanner C. Lipid Management in Chronic Kidney Disease: Synopsis of the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes 2013 Clinical Practice Guideline. Ann Intern Med. 2014. 160(3): 182-189. doi: 10.7326/m13-2453

89. Naci H., Brugts J., Ades T. Comparative Tolerability and Harms of Individual Statins. Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes. 2013. 6(4): 390-399. doi: 10.1161/circoutcomes.111.000071

90. Bruckert E., Hayem G., Dejager S., et al. Mild to Moderate Muscular Symptoms with High-Dosage Statin Therapy in Hyperlipidemic Patients —The PRIMO Study. Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy. 2005. 19(6): 403-414. doi: 10.1007/s10557-005-5686-z

91. Davidson M.H., Clark J.A., Glass L.M., et al. Statin Safety: An Appraisal from the Adverse Event Reporting System. Am J Cardiol. 2006. 97(8): S32-S43. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.12.008

92. Marcum Z.A., Vande Griend J.P., Linnebur S.A. FDA drug safety communications: a narrative review and clinical considerations for older adults. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2012. 10(4): 264-271. doi: 10.1016/j.amjopharm.2012.05.002

93. Chalasani N., Aljadhey H., Kesterson J., et al. Patients with elevated liver enzymes are not at higher risk for statin hepatotoxicity. Gastroenterology. 2004. 126(5): 1287-1292. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2004.02.015

94. Vuppalanchi R., Chalasani N., Teal E. Patients with Elevated Baseline Liver Enzymes Do Not Have Higher Frequency of Hepatotoxicity from Lovastatin than Those with Normal Baseline Liver Enzymes. Am J Med Sci. 2005. 329(2): 62-65. doi: 10.1097/00000441-200502000-00002

95. Dongiovanni P., Petta S., Mannisto V., et al. Statin use and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in at risk individuals. J Hepatol. 2015. 63(3): 705-712. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.05.006

96. Law M., Rudnicka A.R. Statin safety: a systematic review. Am J Cardiol. 2006. 97(8A): 52C-60C. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.12.010

97. Li Y.H., Ueng K.C., Jeng J.S., et al. 2017 Taiwan lipid guidelines for high risk patients. J Formos Med Assoc. 2017. 116(4): 217-248. doi: 10.1016/j.jfma.2016.11.013