evrazkarЕвразийский Кардиологический ЖурналEurasian heart journal2225-16852305-0748Евразийская ассоциация кардиологов10.38109/2225-1685-2024-4-91-97evrazkar-6489Research ArticleОБЗОРREVIEWАмилоидная кардиомиопатия: значение и возможности диагностики методом магнитно-резонансной томографииAmyloid cardiomyopathy: сlinical significance and diagnostic value of magnetic resonance imaginghttps://orcid.org/0009-0001-9432-5329ЕжиковаМ. В.EzhikovaM. V.

Ежикова Маргарита Владимировна, врач-кардиолог, отделение организации контроля качества оказания медицинской помощи и экспертизы временной нетрудоспособности

ул. Академика Чазова, д. 15 А, г. Москва 121552

Margarita V. Ezhikova, cardiologist, the Department of the organization of quality control of medical care and examination of temporary disability

15 a Academician Chazov str., Moscow 121552

rknpk22@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0920-7417НасоноваС. Н.NasonovaS. N.

Насонова Светлана Николаевна, к.м.н., старший научный сотрудник, отдел заболеваний миокарда и сердечной недостаточности

ул. Академика Чазова, д. 15 А, г. Москва 121552

Svetlana N. Nasonova, Cand. Of Sc. (Med.), Senior Research, the Department of myocardial diseases and heart failure

15 a Academician Chazov str., Moscow 121552

dr.nasonova@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0402-3977УстюжанинД. В.UstyuzhaninD. V.

Устюжанин Дмитрий Владимирович, к.м.н., старший научный сотрудник, отдел томографии

ул. Академика Чазова, д. 15 А, г. Москва 121552

Dmitry V. Ustyuzhanin, Cand. Of Sci. (Med.), Senior Researcher, Tomography Department

15 a Academician Chazov str., Moscow 121552

d-ust@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0370-5204ШарияМ. А.ShariyaM. A.

Шария Мераб Арчильевич, д.м.н., ведущий научный сотрудник, отдел томографии; профессор кафедры лучевой диагностики

ул. Академика Чазова, д. 15 А, г. Москва 121552

Merab A. Shariya, Dr. Of Sci. (Med.), Head Scientist Researcher, Tomography Departmen

15 a Academician Chazov str., Moscow 121552

mershar@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4066-2661ЖировИ. В.ZhirovI. V.

Жиров Игорь Витальевич, д.м.н., ведущий научный сотрудник, отдел заболеваний миокарда и сердечной недостаточности; профессор кафедры

ул. Академика Чазова, д. 15 А, г. Москва 121552

Igor V. Zhirov, Dr. Of Sci. (Med.), Leading Researcher, Department of myocardial diseases and heart failure; professor, the department

15 a Academician Chazov str., Moscow 121552

izhirov@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9234-6129ТерещенкоС. Н.TereshchenkoS. N.

Терещенко Сергей Николаевич, д.м.н., профессор, руководитель отдела заболеваний миокарда и сердечной недостаточности

ул. Академика Чазова, д. 15 А, г. Москва 121552

Sergey N. Tereshchenko, Dr. Of Sci. (Med.), Prof., Head of the Department of myocardial diseases and heart failure

15 a Academician Chazov str., Moscow 121552

ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр кардиологии имени акад. Е.И. Чазова» Минздрава России; Институт клинической кардиологии им. А.Л. МясниковаРоссияE.I. Chazov National Medical Research Center of Cardiology; A.L. Myasnikov institute of clinical cardiologyRussian FederationФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр кардиологии имени акад. Е.И. Чазова» Минздрава России; Институт клинической кардиологии им. А.Л. МясниковаРоссияE.I. Chazov National Medical Research Center of Cardiology; A.L. Myasnikov institute of clinical cardiologyRussian FederationФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр кардиологии имени акад. Е.И. Чазова» Минздрава России; Институт клинической кардиологии имени А.Л. Мясникова, «НМИЦК им. ак. Е.И. Чазова» Минздрава РоссииРоссияE.I. Chazov National Medical Research Center of Cardiology; A.L. Myasnikov institute of clinical cardiologyRussian FederationФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр кардиологии имени акад. Е.И. Чазова» Минздрава России; Институт клинической кардиологии имени А.Л. Мясникова; ФГБОУ ДПО «РМАНПО» Минздрава РоссииРоссияE.I. Chazov National Medical Research Center of Cardiology; A.L. Myasnikov institute of clinical cardiology; Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional EducationRussian FederationФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр кардиологии имени акад. Е.И. Чазова» Минздрава России; Институт клинической кардиологии имени А.Л. МясниковаРоссияE.I. Chazov National Medical Research Center of CardiologyRussian Federation202423112024049097Copyright © Ежикова М.В., Насонова С.Н., Устюжанин Д.В., Шария М.А., Жиров И.В., Терещенко С.Н., 20242024Ежикова М.В., Насонова С.Н., Устюжанин Д.В., Шария М.А., Жиров И.В., Терещенко С.Н.Ezhikova M.V., Nasonova S.N., Ustyuzhanin D.V., Shariya M.A., Zhirov I.V., Tereshchenko S.N.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.heartj.asia/jour/article/view/6489

Частота и распространённость амилоидной кардиомиопатии (АК) в последние годы значимо увеличивается, при этом диагноз выставляется зачастую уже на конечных стадиях заболевания. Это приводит к позднему назначению специфической терапии и, следовательно, к ухудшению прогноза пациентов. К сожалению, врачи недостаточно информированы о патогенезе АК, диагностических алгоритмах, что приводит к пролонгации времени от манифеста заболевания до постановки правильного диагноза. Несмотря на наличие большого количества масок АК, имеется специфический набор клинико-диагностических маркеров, т.н. «красных флагов», при обнаружении которых возможно заподозрить наличие амилоидоза. Кроме того, разработка диагностических алгоритмов с использованием неинвазивных методов визуализации может помочь не только в постановке диагноза АК на ранней стадии заболевания, но и определить тип амилоидоза, от которого зависит успех своевременности назначения болезнь-модифицирующей терапии. Целью настоящего обзора является анализ возможности использования МРТ критериев для попытки неинвазивного типирования амилоидоза и дифференциального диагноза между транстиретиновым амилоидозом (ATTR-амилоидоз) и амилоидозе легких цепей иммуноглобулинов (AL-амилоидоз).

The incidence and prevalence of amyloid cardiomyopathy (AC) has been increasing in recent years, and this diagnosis is often detected at the final stage. This determines late prescription of specific therapy and worsening prognosis of patients. Unfortunately, doctors are not sufficiently informed about the pathogenesis of AC and diagnostic methods. This circumstance leads to prolongation of time from the manifestation of the disease to the diagnosis. Despite the presence of a large number of AC masks, a number of specific clinical diagnostic markers called «red flags» helps to suspect AC. In addition, the development of diagnostic algorithms using non-invasive imaging methods can help not only in diagnosing AC at an early stage of the disease, but also in determining the type of amyloidosis, that determines the success of timely administration of disease-modifying therapy. The aim of this review is to analyze the possibility of using MRI criteria to attempt non-invasive typing of amyloidosis and to differentiate ATTR and AL AС.

транстиретиновая амилоидная кардиомиопатиямагнитно-резонансная томографияотсроченное контрастирование гадолиниемкартирование миокардавнеклеточная объемная фракцияTransthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathymagnetic resonance imaginglate gadolinium enhancementmyocardial mappingextracellular volume fractionReferencesBuxbaum JN, Dispenzieri A, Eisenberg DS et al. Amyloid nomenclature 2022: update, novel proteins, and recommendations by the International Society of Amyloidosis (ISA) Nomenclature Committee. Amyloid. 2022 Dec; 29(4):213-219. https://doi.org/10.1080/13506129.2022.2147636Buxbaum JN, Dispenzieri A, Eisenberg DS et al. Amyloid nomenclature 2022: update, novel proteins, and recommendations by the International Society of Amyloidosis (ISA) Nomenclature Committee. Amyloid. 2022 Dec; 29(4):213-219. https://doi.org/10.1080/13506129.2022.2147636Dorbala S, Ando Y, Bokhari S, et al. ASNC/AHA/ASE/EANM/HFSA/ISA/SCMR/SNMMI expert consensus recommendations for multimodality imaging in cardiac amyloidosis: Part 1 of 2-evidence base and standardized methods of imaging. J Nucl Cardiol. 2019 Dec; 26(6):2065-2123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12350-019-01760-6Dorbala S, Ando Y, Bokhari S, et al. ASNC/AHA/ASE/EANM/HFSA/ISA/SCMR/SNMMI expert consensus recommendations for multimodality imaging in cardiac amyloidosis: Part 1 of 2-evidence base and standardized methods of imaging. J Nucl Cardiol. 2019 Dec; 26(6):2065-2123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12350-019-01760-6Jung MH, Chang S, Han EJ, Youn JC. Multimodal Imaging and Biomarkers in Cardiac Amyloidosis. Diagnostics (Basel). 2022 Mar 3; 12(3):627. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12030627Jung MH, Chang S, Han EJ, Youn JC. Multimodal Imaging and Biomarkers in Cardiac Amyloidosis. Diagnostics (Basel). 2022 Mar 3; 12(3):627. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12030627Oda S., Kidoh M., Nagayama Y., et al. Trends in Diagnostic Imaging of Cardiac Amyloidosis: Emerging Knowledge and Concepts, RadioGraphics 2020; 40:961–981. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2020190069Oda S., Kidoh M., Nagayama Y., et al. Trends in Diagnostic Imaging of Cardiac Amyloidosis: Emerging Knowledge and Concepts, RadioGraphics 2020; 40:961–981. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2020190069Ruiz-Hueso, R., Salamanca-Bautista, P., Quesada-Simón, M.A., et al. Estimating the Prevalence of Cardiac Amyloidosis in Old Patients with Heart Failure — Barriers and Opportunities for Improvement: The PREVAMIC Study. J. Clin. Med. 2023;12:2273. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12062273Ruiz-Hueso, R., Salamanca-Bautista, P., Quesada-Simón, M.A., et al. Estimating the Prevalence of Cardiac Amyloidosis in Old Patients with Heart Failure — Barriers and Opportunities for Improvement: The PREVAMIC Study. J. Clin. Med. 2023;12:2273. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12062273Kyrouac D., Schiffer W., Lennep B., et al. Echocardiographic and clinical predictors of cardiac amyloidosis: limitations of apical sparing. ESC Heart Fail. 2022 Feb;9(1):385-397. https://doi.org/10.1002/ehf2.13738Kyrouac D., Schiffer W., Lennep B., et al. Echocardiographic and clinical predictors of cardiac amyloidosis: limitations of apical sparing. ESC Heart Fail. 2022 Feb;9(1):385-397. https://doi.org/10.1002/ehf2.13738Khedraki R. Cardiac amyloidosis: an update on diagnosis, current therapy, and future directions. Current Opinion in Cardiology. 2022 May 1;37(3):272-284. https://doi.org/10.1097/HCO.0000000000000953Khedraki R. Cardiac amyloidosis: an update on diagnosis, current therapy, and future directions. Current Opinion in Cardiology. 2022 May 1;37(3):272-284. https://doi.org/10.1097/HCO.0000000000000953Терещенко С.Н., Жиров И. В., Моисеева О.М., и соавт. Практические рекомендации по диагностике транстиретиновой амилоидной кардиомиопатии (ATTR-КМП или транстиретинового амилоидоза сердца). Терапевтический архив. 2022;94(4):584-595. https://doi.org/10.26442/00403660.2022.04.201465Tereshchenko S.N., Zhirov I.V., Moiseeva O.M., et al. Practical guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM or transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis). Terapevticheskii arkhiv. 2022;94(4):584-595. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.26442/00403660.2022.04.201465Slivnick J.A., Alvi N., Singulane C.C., et al. Non-invasive diagnosis of transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis utilizing typical late gadolinium enhancement pattern on cardiac magnetic resonance and light chains. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2023 May 31;24(6):829-837. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jeac249Slivnick J.A., Alvi N., Singulane C.C., et al. Non-invasive diagnosis of transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis utilizing typical late gadolinium enhancement pattern on cardiac magnetic resonance and light chains. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2023 May 31;24(6):829-837. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jeac249Yilmaz A., Bauersachs J., Bengel F., et al. Diagnosis and treatment of cardiac amyloidosis: position statement of the German Cardiac Society (DGK). Clin Res Cardiol. 2021 Apr; 110(4):479-506. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00392-020-01799-3Yilmaz A., Bauersachs J., Bengel F., et al. Diagnosis and treatment of cardiac amyloidosis: position statement of the German Cardiac Society (DGK). Clin Res Cardiol. 2021 Apr; 110(4):479-506. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00392-020-01799-3Терновой С.К. Томография сердца. Ред. Сучкова О.В. – Москва: ГЭОТАР-Медиа,2018. C. 296. ISBN: 978-5-9704-4608-9Ternovoy S.K. Tomography of the heart. Ed. Suchkova O.V. – Moscow: GEOTAR-Media, 2018. P. 296. (in Russ.). ISBN: 978-5-9704-4608-9Martinez-Naharro A., Treibel T.A., Abdel-Gadir A., et al. Magnetic Resonance in Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017 Jul 25; 70(4):466-477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2017.05.053Martinez-Naharro A., Treibel T.A., Abdel-Gadir A., et al. Magnetic Resonance in Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017 Jul 25; 70(4):466-477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2017.05.053Damy T., Costes B., Hagège A.A., et al. Prevalence and clinical phenotype of hereditary transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy in patients with increased left ventricular wall thickness. Eur Heart J. 2016 Jun 14;37(23):1826-34. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehv583Damy T., Costes B., Hagège A.A., et al. Prevalence and clinical phenotype of hereditary transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy in patients with increased left ventricular wall thickness. Eur Heart J. 2016 Jun 14;37(23):1826-34. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehv583Dungu J.N., Valencia O., Pinney J.H., et al. CMR-based differentiation of AL and ATTR cardiac amyloidosis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014 Feb;7(2):133-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2013.08.015Dungu J.N., Valencia O., Pinney J.H., et al. CMR-based differentiation of AL and ATTR cardiac amyloidosis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014 Feb;7(2):133-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2013.08.015Ribeiro V.F., Oliveira D.C.L., Neves D.G., et al. Cardiac Magnetic Resonance and amyloidosis: Review. Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci. 2019;32(2):177-89. https://doi.org/10.5935/2359-4802.20190005Ribeiro V.F., Oliveira D.C.L., Neves D.G., et al. Cardiac Magnetic Resonance and amyloidosis: Review. Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci. 2019;32(2):177-89. https://doi.org/10.5935/2359-4802.20190005Shah D.J., Judd R.M., Kim R.J., Technology insight: MRI of the myocardium. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med. 2005 Nov;2(11):597-605; quiz 606. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncpcardio0352Shah D.J., Judd R.M., Kim R.J., Technology insight: MRI of the myocardium. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med. 2005 Nov;2(11):597-605; quiz 606. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncpcardio0352Pan J.A., Kerwin M.J., Salerno M. Native T1 Mapping, Extracellular Volume Mapping, and Late Gadolinium Enhancement in Cardiac Amyloidosis: A Meta-Analysis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020 Jun;13(6):1299-1310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2020.03.010Pan J.A., Kerwin M.J., Salerno M. Native T1 Mapping, Extracellular Volume Mapping, and Late Gadolinium Enhancement in Cardiac Amyloidosis: A Meta-Analysis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020 Jun;13(6):1299-1310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2020.03.010Banypersad S.M. The Evolving Role of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Evaluation of Systemic Amyloidosis. Magn Reson Insights. 2019 May 1;12:1178623X19843519. https://doi.org/10.1177/1178623X19843519Banypersad S.M. The Evolving Role of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Evaluation of Systemic Amyloidosis. Magn Reson Insights. 2019 May 1;12:1178623X19843519. https://doi.org/10.1177/1178623X19843519Терновой С.К., Путило Д.В., Стукалова О.В., Габрусенко С.А. Структура миокарда у пациентов с гипертрофией левого желудочка различного генеза по данным МРТ с отсроченным контрастированием. Российский Электронный журнал Лучевой диагностики, 2023;13(1):58-69. https://doi.org/10.21569/2222-7415-2023-13-1-58-69Ternovoy S.K., Putilo D.V., Stukalova O.V. Gabrusenko S.A. Assessment of myocardial structure in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy because of various origins by MRI with delayed contrast enhancement. REJR.2023;13(1):58-69. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.21569/2222-7415-2023-13-1-58-69]Banypersad S.M. The Evolving Role of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Evaluation of Systemic Amyloidosis. Magn Reson Insights. 2019 May 1;12:1178623X19843519. https://doi.org/10.1177/1178623X19843519Banypersad S.M. The Evolving Role of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Evaluation of Systemic Amyloidosis. Magn Reson Insights. 2019 May 1;12:1178623X19843519. https://doi.org/10.1177/1178623X19843519Kotecha T., Martinez-Naharro A., Treibel T.A., et al. Myocardial Edema and Prognosis in Amyloidosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 Jun 26;71(25):2919-2931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.03.536Kotecha T., Martinez-Naharro A., Treibel T.A., et al. Myocardial Edema and Prognosis in Amyloidosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 Jun 26;71(25):2919-2931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.03.536Karamitsos T.D., Piechnik S.K., Banypersad S.M., et al. Noncontrast T1 mapping for the diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013 Apr;6(4):488-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2012.11.013Karamitsos T.D., Piechnik S.K., Banypersad S.M., et al. Noncontrast T1 mapping for the diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013 Apr;6(4):488-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2012.11.013Fontana M., Banypersad S.M., Treibel T.A., et al. Differential Myocyte Responses in Patients with Cardiac Transthyretin Amyloidosis and Light-Chain Amyloidosis: A Cardiac MR Imaging Study. Radiology 2015;277(2):388–397 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2015141744Fontana M., Banypersad S.M., Treibel T.A., et al. Differential Myocyte Responses in Patients with Cardiac Transthyretin Amyloidosis and Light-Chain Amyloidosis: A Cardiac MR Imaging Study. Radiology 2015;277(2):388–397 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2015141744O’Brien, A.T., Gil, K.E., Varghese, J. et al. T2 mapping in myocardial disease: a comprehensive review. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2022 Jun 6;24(1):33. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12968-022-00866-0O’Brien, A.T., Gil, K.E., Varghese, J. et al. T2 mapping in myocardial disease: a comprehensive review. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2022 Jun 6;24(1):33. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12968-022-00866-0Kidoh M, Oda S, Nakaura T, et al. Myocardial Tissue Characterization by Combining Extracellular Volume Fraction and T2 Mapping. J Am Coll Cardiol Img. 2022 Apr;15(4):700-704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2021.02.029Kidoh M, Oda S, Nakaura T, et al. Myocardial Tissue Characterization by Combining Extracellular Volume Fraction and T2 Mapping. J Am Coll Cardiol Img. 2022 Apr;15(4):700-704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2021.02.029Briasoulis A., Lama N., Rempakos A., et al. Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Non-late Gadolinium Enhancement Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Parameters in Cardiac Amyloidosis. Current Problems in Cardiology. 2023 Apr;48(4):101573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2022.101573Briasoulis A., Lama N., Rempakos A., et al. Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Non-late Gadolinium Enhancement Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Parameters in Cardiac Amyloidosis. Current Problems in Cardiology. 2023 Apr;48(4):101573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2022.101573Joy G., Christopher I. Kelly., The I., et al. Microstructural and Microvascular Phenotype of Sarcomere Mutation Carriers and Overt Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2023;148:808-818 https://doi.org/10.1161CIRCULATIONAHA.123.063835Joy G., Christopher I. Kelly., The I., et al. Microstructural and Microvascular Phenotype of Sarcomere Mutation Carriers and Overt Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2023;148:808-818 https://doi.org/10.1161CIRCULATIONAHA.123.063835Khalique Z., Ferreira P.F., Scott A.D., et al. Diffusion Tensor Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in Cardiac Amyloidosis. Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging. 2020 May;13(5):e009901. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.119.009901Khalique Z., Ferreira P.F., Scott A.D., et al. Diffusion Tensor Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in Cardiac Amyloidosis. Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging. 2020 May;13(5):e009901. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.119.009901Rajiah P.S., Kalisz K., Broncano J., et al. Myocardial Strain Evaluation with Cardiovascular MRI: Physics, Principles, and Clinical Applications. Radiographics. 2022 Jul-Aug;42(4):968-990. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.210174Rajiah P.S., Kalisz K., Broncano J., et al. Myocardial Strain Evaluation with Cardiovascular MRI: Physics, Principles, and Clinical Applications. Radiographics. 2022 Jul-Aug;42(4):968-990. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.210174Giusca, S., Steen, H., Montenbruck, M. et al. Multi-parametric assessment of left ventricular hypertrophy using late gadolinium enhancement, T1 mapping and strain-encoded cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2021 Jul 12;23(1):92. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12968-021-00775-8Giusca, S., Steen, H., Montenbruck, M. et al. Multi-parametric assessment of left ventricular hypertrophy using late gadolinium enhancement, T1 mapping and strain-encoded cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2021 Jul 12;23(1):92. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12968-021-00775-8Korosoglou G, Giusca S, André F., et al. Diagnostic Work-Up of Cardiac Amyloidosis Using Cardiovascular Imaging: Current Standards and Practical Algorithms. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2021;17:661-673. https://doi.org/10.2147/VHRM.S295376Korosoglou G, Giusca S, André F., et al. Diagnostic Work-Up of Cardiac Amyloidosis Using Cardiovascular Imaging: Current Standards and Practical Algorithms. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2021;17:661-673. https://doi.org/10.2147/VHRM.S295376

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.