<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">evrazkar</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Евразийский Кардиологический Журнал</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Eurasian heart journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2225-1685</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2305-0748</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Евразийская ассоциация кардиологов</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.38109/2225-1685-2023-3-6-35</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">evrazkar-6405</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CLINICAL GUIDELINES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Евразийские клинические рекомендации по профилактике сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний в детском и подростковом возрасте (2023)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Eurasian clinical guidelines for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases in childhood and adolescence (2023)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2028-8748</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кисляк</surname><given-names>О. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kislyak</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кисляк Оксана Андреевна - доктор медицинских наук, профессор, профессор кафедры факультетской терапии.</p><p>ул. Островитянова, дом 1, Москва 117997</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Oxana A. Kislyak - Dr. of Sci. (Med.), Professor, Professor of the Department of Faculty Therapy, N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University.</p><p>Ostrovitianov str. 1, Moscow 117997</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kisliakoa@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5273-6859</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Леонтьева</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Leontyeva</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Леонтьева Ирина Викторовна - доктор медицинских наук, профессор,   главный научный сотрудник отдела детской кардиологии и аритмологии, Научно-исследовательский клинический институт педиатрии имени  академика Ю.Е. Вельтищева.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina V. Leontyeva - Dr. of Sci. (Med.), Professor,  Chief Researcher of the Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Arrhythmology, Y.E. Velticshev Research  Clinical Institute of Pediatrics, N.I. Pirogov  Russian National Research Medical University.</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9262-9233</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Стародубова</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Starodubova</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Стародубова Антонина Владимировна - доктор медицинских наук, доцент, заместитель директора по научной и лечебной работе, ФГБУН «Федеральный  исследовательский центр питания и биотехнологии»; профессор кафедры факультетской терапии, ФГАОУ ВО РНИМУ им. Н.И. Пирогова.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Antonina V. Starodubova - Dr.  of Sci. (Med.),   Associate  Professor,   Deputy Director for Scientific and Medical Work, Federal Research Center for Nutrition Biotechnology and Food Safety; Professor  of the Department of Faculty Therapy, N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University.</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9460-5948</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Александров</surname><given-names>А. A.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Alersandrov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Александров Александр Александрович - доктор медицинских наук, профессор, профессор-консультант.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksandr A. Alersandrov - Dr. of Sci. (Med.), Professor, Consulting Professor, N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University.</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2250-5942</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бубнова</surname><given-names>М. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bubnova</surname><given-names>M. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бубнова Марина Геннадьевна - доктор медицинских наук, профессор, руководитель отдела реабилитации и вторичной профилактики сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Marina G. Bubnova - Dr. of Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of the Department of Rehabilitation and Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine.</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5274-2773</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вараева</surname><given-names>Ю. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Varaeva</surname><given-names>Yu. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Вараева Юргита Руслановна - кандидат медицинских наук, врач-эндокринолог, младший научный сотрудник.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yurgita R. Varaeva - Cand. of Sci. (Med.), MRes, endocrinologist, Research Fellow, Federal Research Center for Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety.</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2957-680X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Камалова</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kamalova</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Камалова Аэлита Асхатовна - доктор медицинских наук, профессор, профессор кафедры госпитальной педиатрии.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aelita A. Kamalova - Dr. of Sci. (Med.), Professor, Department of Hospital Pediatrics, Kazan State Medical University.</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-6"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0625-2877</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Козлова</surname><given-names>Л. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kozlova</surname><given-names>L. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Козлова Людмила Вячеславовна - доктор медицинских наук, профессор, проректор, заведующая кафедрой, СГМУ; заведующая отделением, ОГБУЗ «ДКБ».</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Lyudmila V. Kozlova - Dr. of Sci. (Med.), Professor, Vice-Rector, Head of Department, Smolensk State Medical Academy; Head of Department, Children’s Clinical Hospital.</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-7"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4505-397X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Павловская</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pavlovskaya</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Павловская Елена Вячеславовна - доктор медицинских наук, ведущий научный сотрудник отделения педиатрической гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии и диетологии.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena V. Pavlovskaya - Dr. of Sci. (Med.), Leading  Researcher,  Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Dietetics, Federal Research Center for Nutrition and Biotechnology.</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-8"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2627-1410</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Полунина</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Polunina</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Полунина Диана Александровна - кандидат медицинских наук, научный сотрудник.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Diana A. Polunina - Cand. of Sci. (Med.), researcher, Federal Research Center for Nutrition and Biotechnology.</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-8"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1149-7927</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ревякина</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Revyakina</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ревякина Вера Афанасьевна - доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующая отделением аллергологии.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vera A. Revyakina - Dr. of Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of the Department of Allergology, Federal Research Center for Nutrition and Biotechnology.</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-8"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7090-7906</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Розанов</surname><given-names>В. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rozanov</surname><given-names>V. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Розанов Вячеслав Борисович - доктор медицинских наук, ведущий научный сотрудник отдела фундаментальных и прикладных аспектов ожирения.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vyacheslav B. Rozanov - Dr. of Sci. (Med.), Leading Researcher, Department of Fundamental and Applied Aspects of Obesity, National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine.</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6662-3548</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Садыкова</surname><given-names>Д. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sadykova</surname><given-names>D. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Садыкова Динара Ильгизаровна - доктор медицинских наук, заведующая кафедрой госпитальной педиатрии.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dinara I. Sadykova - Dr. of Sci. (Med.), Head of the Department of Hospital Pediatrics, Kazan State Medical University.</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-9"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1732-7443</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сластникова</surname><given-names>Е. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Slastnikova</surname><given-names>E. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сластникова Евгения Сергеевна - кандидат медицинских наук, ассистент кафедры госпитальной педиатрии.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Evgeniya S. Slastnikova - Cand. of Sci. (Med.), Assistant Professor  Department of Hospital Pediatrics, Kazan State Medical University.</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-10"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0762-0873</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Строкова</surname><given-names>Т. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Strokova</surname><given-names>T. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Строкова Татьяна Викторовна - доктор медицинских наук, профессор  РАН, заведующая отделением педиатрической гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии и диетологии, ФГБУН «ФИЦ  питания и биотехнологии»; заведующая кафедрой гастроэнтерологии и диетологии, ФДПО ФГАОУ ВО РНИМУ им. Н.И. Пирогова.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatyana V. Strokova - Dr. of Sci. (Med.), Professor of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Head of the Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology  and Dietetics,  Federal Research  Center for  Nutrition and Biotechnology;  Head of the Department of Gastroenterology and  Dietetics, N.I. Pirogov  Russian  National Research  Medical University.</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-11"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1667-3221</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ушакова</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ushakova</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ушакова Светлана Анатольевна - доктор медицинских наук, профессор кафедры педиатрии и неонатологии, Институт материнства и детства.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Svetlana A. Ushakova - Dr. of Sci. (Med.), Professor of the Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Institute of Motherhood and Childhood, Tyumen State Medical University.</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-12"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАОУ ВО РНИМУ им. Н.И. Пирогова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАОУ ВО РНИМУ им. Н.И. Пирогова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>N.I. Pirogov  Russian National Research Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУН «Федеральный исследовательский центр питания и биотехнологии»; ФГАОУ ВО РНИМУ им. Н.И. Пирогова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Research Center for Nutrition Biotechnology and Food Safety; N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «НМИЦ ТПМ» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-5"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУН «Федеральный исследовательский центр питания, биотехнологии  и безопасности пищи»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Research Center for Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-6"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Казанский государственный медицинский университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kazan State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-7"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Смоленская государственная медицинская академия; ОГБУЗ «Детская клиническая больница»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Smolensk State Medical Academy; Children’s Clinical Hospital</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-8"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУН «ФИЦ питания и биотехнологии»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Research Center for Nutrition and Biotechnology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-9"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Казанский государственный медицинский университет»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kazan State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-10"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО Казанский ГМУ Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kazan State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-11"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУН «ФИЦ питания и биотехнологии»; ФДПО ФГАОУ ВО РНИМУ им. Н.И. Пирогова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Research Center for Nutrition and Biotechnology; N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-12"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Тюменский государственный медицинский университете» МЗ РФ</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Tyumen State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>10</day><month>10</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>6</fpage><lpage>35</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Кисляк О.А., Леонтьева И.В., Стародубова А.В., Александров А.A., Бубнова М.Г., Вараева Ю.Р., Камалова А.А., Козлова Л.В., Павловская Е.В., Полунина Д.А., Ревякина В.А., Розанов В.Б., Садыкова Д.И., Сластникова Е.С., Строкова Т.В., Ушакова С.А., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кисляк О.А., Леонтьева И.В., Стародубова А.В., Александров А.A., Бубнова М.Г., Вараева Ю.Р., Камалова А.А., Козлова Л.В., Павловская Е.В., Полунина Д.А., Ревякина В.А., Розанов В.Б., Садыкова Д.И., Сластникова Е.С., Строкова Т.В., Ушакова С.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kislyak O.A., Leontyeva I.V., Starodubova A.V., Alersandrov A.A., Bubnova M.G., Varaeva Y.R., Kamalova A.A., Kozlova L.V., Pavlovskaya E.V., Polunina D.A., Revyakina V.A., Rozanov V.B., Sadykova D.I., Slastnikova E.S., Strokova T.V., Ushakova S.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.heartj.asia/jour/article/view/6405">https://www.heartj.asia/jour/article/view/6405</self-uri><abstract><p>Сердечно-сосудистые заболевания (ССЗ) являются ведущей причиной смерти в индустриально развитых странах, в России, странах Евразийского содружества и многих развивающихся странах. Получены убедительные доказательства того, что атеросклеротический процесс, приводящий к ССЗ, начинается в детском и подростковом возрасте и развивается на протяжении жизни под влиянием генетических и модифицируемых факторов риска. Проведенные длительные проспективные исследования показывают, что основные факторы риска нередко возникают в детстве и носят относительно стабильный характер, поскольку их наличие подтверждается при повторных исследованиях, проведенных уже во взрослом состоянии. Ранняя профилактика, когда еще нет факторов риска или только идет их формирование, а проявления носят нестойкий, непостоянный характер, когда еще не сложился стереотип поведения, часто далекий от здорового образа жизни, представляется наиболее перспективной, а возможность в детском и юношеском возрасте ограничиться немедикаментозными методами воздействия является привлекательной.</p><p>Целью создания данных рекомендаций является определение показаний к проведению в детском и подростковом возрасте немедикаментозных и медикаментозных методов коррекции факторов риска для снижения риска развития будущих ССЗ. Для этого необходимо своевременно выявлять факторы риска с учетом возрастных критериев, оценивать степень риска данной категории пациентов и, используя имеющиеся международные и национальные рекомендации и целевые показатели, применять необходимые и допустимые в этом возрасте методики лечения, подтвердившие свою эффективность в снижении риска развития ССЗ во взрослой жизни.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The EAC Guidelines represent the views  of the  EAC,  and were produced  after careful consideration  of the scientific  and medical knowledge,  and the evidence  available at the time of their publication.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сердечно-сосудистые заболевания</kwd><kwd>факторы риска</kwd><kwd>артериальная гипертензия</kwd><kwd>дислипидемия</kwd><kwd>дети</kwd><kwd>подростки</kwd><kwd>рекомендации</kwd><kwd>образ жизни</kwd><kwd>профилактика</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cardiovascular diseases</kwd><kwd>risk factors</kwd><kwd>arterial hypertension</kwd><kwd>dyslipidemia</kwd><kwd>children</kwd><kwd>adolescents</kwd><kwd>guidelines</kwd><kwd>lifestyle</kwd><kwd>prevention</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gidding SS, Rana J, Prendergast C, et al. Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) Risk Score in Young Adults Predicts Coronary Artery and Abdominal Aorta Calcium in Middle Age. The CARDIA Study. Circulation 2016; 133(2):2139-146. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.115.018042</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gidding SS, Rana J, Prendergast C, et al. Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) Risk Score in Young Adults Predicts Coronary Artery and Abdominal Aorta Calcium in Middle Age. The CARDIA Study. Circulation 2016; 133(2):2139-146. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.115.018042</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berenson G., Srinivasan S.R, Bao W et al. for the Bogalusa Heart Study. Association between Multiple Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Atherosclerosis in Children and Young Adults. .N Engl J Med 1998 Jun 4;338(23):1650-1656. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm199806043382302</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berenson G., Srinivasan S.R, Bao W et al. for the Bogalusa Heart Study. Association between Multiple Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Atherosclerosis in Children and Young Adults. .N Engl J Med 1998 Jun 4;338(23):1650-1656. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm199806043382302</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mahoney LT, Burns TL, Stanford W et al. Coronary risk factors measured in childhood and young adult life are associated with coronary artery calcifcation in young adults: the Muscatine Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996; 27(2):277–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/0735-1097(95)00461-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mahoney LT, Burns TL, Stanford W et al. Coronary risk factors measured in childhood and young adult life are associated with coronary artery calcifcation in young adults: the Muscatine Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996; 27(2):277–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/0735-1097(95)00461-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Raitakari OT, Juonala M, Kähönen M et al. Cardiovascular risk factors in childhood and carotid artery intima-media thickness in adulthood: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. JAMA. 2003;290(17):2277–2283. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.290.17.2277</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Raitakari OT, Juonala M, Kähönen M et al. Cardiovascular risk factors in childhood and carotid artery intima-media thickness in adulthood: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. JAMA. 2003;290(17):2277–2283. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.290.17.2277</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reis JP, Allen N., Gibbs BB et al. Association of the degree of adiposity and duration of obesity with measures of cardiac structure and function: the CARDIA study. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2014;22(11):2434–2440. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.20865</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reis JP, Allen N., Gibbs BB et al. Association of the degree of adiposity and duration of obesity with measures of cardiac structure and function: the CARDIA study. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2014;22(11):2434–2440. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.20865</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W et al. 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology and the European Society of Hypertension: The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology and the European Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens 2018; 36()10:1953–2041. https://doi.org/10.1097/hjh.0000000000001940</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W et al. 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology and the European Society of Hypertension: The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology and the European Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens 2018; 36()10:1953–2041. https://doi.org/10.1097/hjh.0000000000001940</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mancia G, Kreutz R, Brunstrom M et al. 2023 ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension Endorsed by the European Renal Association (ERA) and the International Society of Hypertension (ISH). J Hypertens. 2023 Jun 21. https://doi.org/10.1097/hjh.0000000000003480</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mancia G, Kreutz R, Brunstrom M et al. 2023 ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension Endorsed by the European Renal Association (ERA) and the International Society of Hypertension (ISH). J Hypertens. 2023 Jun 21. https://doi.org/10.1097/hjh.0000000000003480</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Expert Panel on Integrated Guidelines for Cardiovascular Health and Risk Reduction in Children and Adolescents, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Expert Panel on Integrated Guidelines for Cardiovascular Health and Risk Reduction in Children and Adolescents: summary report. Pediatrics. 2011;128(suppl 5):S213–S56. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-2107c</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Expert Panel on Integrated Guidelines for Cardiovascular Health and Risk Reduction in Children and Adolescents, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Expert Panel on Integrated Guidelines for Cardiovascular Health and Risk Reduction in Children and Adolescents: summary report. Pediatrics. 2011;128(suppl 5):S213–S56. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-2107c</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Александров А.А., Бубнова М.Г., Кисляк О.А. и др. Профилактика сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний в детском и подростковом возрасте. Российские рекомендации. Росийский кардиологический журнал. 2012; 6(Прил. 1):1–40.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aleksandrov A.A., Bubnova M.G., Kislyak O.A. and et al. Prevention of cardiovascular diseases in childhood and adolescence. Russian recommendations. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2012; 6(App. 1):1–40 (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Adams C., Burke V., Beilin LJ. Cholesterol tracking from childhood to adult mid-life in children from the Busselton study. Acta Paediatr. 2005 Mar;94(3):275-80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2005.tb03069.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Adams C., Burke V., Beilin LJ. Cholesterol tracking from childhood to adult mid-life in children from the Busselton study. Acta Paediatr. 2005 Mar;94(3):275-80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2005.tb03069.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Розанов В Б, Александров А А, Перова Н В и др. Первичная профилактика сердечно¬-сосудистых заболеваний, отдаленные результаты пятилетнего профилактического вмешательства у мальчиков 12-летнего возраста (десятилетнее проспективное исследование) Кардиология, 2007;47(8):60-68.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rozanov V B, Aleksandrov A A, Perova N V, et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases: long term results of five year long preventive intervention in 12-year old boys (ten year prospective study). Kardiologiia. 2007;47(8):60-68 (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Александров А.А., Кисляк О.А., Леонтьева И.В. от имени экспертов. Клинические рекомендации. Диагностика, лечение и профилактика артериальной гипертензии у детей и подростков. Системные гипертензии. 2020;17(2):7-35. https://doi.org/10.26442/2075082X.2020.2.200126</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aleksandrov A.A., Kisliak O.A., Leontyeva I.V. Clinical guidelines on arterial hypertension diagnosis, treatment and prevention in children and adolescents. Systemic Hypertension. 2020;17(2):7-35 (in Russ.). https://doi.org/10.26442/2075082X.2020.2.200126</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rosner B, Cook NR, Daniels S, Falkner B. Childhood blood pressure trends and risk factors for high blood pressure: the NHANES experience 1988–2008. Hypertension 2013; 62(2):247-54. https://doi.org/10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.00831</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rosner B, Cook NR, Daniels S, Falkner B. Childhood blood pressure trends and risk factors for high blood pressure: the NHANES experience 1988–2008. Hypertension 2013; 62(2):247-54. https://doi.org/10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.00831</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lurbe E, Agabiti-Roseic E, Cruickshankd JK et al. 2016 European Society of Hypertension guidelines for the management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. J Hypertens 2016; 34(10):1887–1920. https://doi.org/10.1097/hjh.0000000000001039</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lurbe E, Agabiti-Roseic E, Cruickshankd JK et al. 2016 European Society of Hypertension guidelines for the management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. J Hypertens 2016; 34(10):1887–1920. https://doi.org/10.1097/hjh.0000000000001039</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Freedman DS, Khan LK, Serdula MK et al. The relation of menarcheal age to obesity in childhood and adulthood: the Bogalusa heart study. BMC Pediatr. 2003 Apr 30;3:3. https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2431-3-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Freedman DS, Khan LK, Serdula MK et al. The relation of menarcheal age to obesity in childhood and adulthood: the Bogalusa heart study. BMC Pediatr. 2003 Apr 30;3:3. https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2431-3-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Weihe P, Weihrauch-Blüher S. Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents: Diagnostic Criteria, Therapeutic Options and Perspectives. Curr. Obes. Rep. 2019;8(4):472-479. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-019-00357-x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Weihe P, Weihrauch-Blüher S. Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents: Diagnostic Criteria, Therapeutic Options and Perspectives. Curr. Obes. Rep. 2019;8(4):472-479. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-019-00357-x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Morrison JA, Friedman LA, Gray-McGuire C. Metabolic syndrome in childhood predicts adult cardiovascular disease 25 years later: The Princeton Lipid Research Clinics follow-up study. Pediatrics . 2007 Aug;120(2):340-345. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-1699</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morrison JA, Friedman LA, Gray-McGuire C. Metabolic syndrome in childhood predicts adult cardiovascular disease 25 years later: The Princeton Lipid Research Clinics follow-up study. Pediatrics . 2007 Aug;120(2):340-345. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-1699</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mitsnefes MM. Cardiovascular disease in children with chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012;23(4):578–585. https://doi.org/10.1681/asn.2011111115</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mitsnefes MM. Cardiovascular disease in children with chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012;23(4):578–585. https://doi.org/10.1681/asn.2011111115</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Panico C, Condorelli G. Unmet needs in the pathogenesis and treatment of cardiovascular comorbidities in chronic inﬂammatory diseases. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2018 Dec;55(3):254-270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-017-8624-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Panico C, Condorelli G. Unmet needs in the pathogenesis and treatment of cardiovascular comorbidities in chronic inﬂammatory diseases. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2018 Dec;55(3):254-270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-017-8624-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mertens AC, Yasui Y, Neglia JP, et al. Late mortality experience in five-year survivors of childhood and adolescent cancer: the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. J Clin Oncol. 2001 Jul 1;19(13):3163-3172. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2001.19.13.3163</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mertens AC, Yasui Y, Neglia JP, et al. Late mortality experience in five-year survivors of childhood and adolescent cancer: the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. J Clin Oncol. 2001 Jul 1;19(13):3163-3172. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2001.19.13.3163</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mulrooney DA, Yeazel MW, Kawashima T et al. Cardiac outcomes in a cohort of adult survivors of childhood and adolescent cancer: retrospective analysis of the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study cohort. BMJ. 2009;339:b4606. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b4606</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mulrooney DA, Yeazel MW, Kawashima T et al. Cardiac outcomes in a cohort of adult survivors of childhood and adolescent cancer: retrospective analysis of the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study cohort. BMJ. 2009;339:b4606. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b4606</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tutarel O. Acquired heart conditions in adults with congenital heart disease: a growing problem. Heart. 2014;100(17):1317–1321. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2014-305575</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tutarel O. Acquired heart conditions in adults with congenital heart disease: a growing problem. Heart. 2014;100(17):1317–1321. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2014-305575</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kato H, Sugimura T, Akagi T et al. Long-term consequences of Kawasaki disease: a 10-to 21-year follow-up study of 594 patients. Circulation. 1996; 94(6):1379–1385. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.94.6.1379</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kato H, Sugimura T, Akagi T et al. Long-term consequences of Kawasaki disease: a 10-to 21-year follow-up study of 594 patients. Circulation. 1996; 94(6):1379–1385. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.94.6.1379</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Giannakoulas G, Dimopoulos K, Engel R et al. Burden of coronary artery disease in adults with congenital heart disease and its relation to congenital and traditional heart risk factors. Am J Cardiol. 2009; 103(10):1445–1450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.01.353</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Giannakoulas G, Dimopoulos K, Engel R et al. Burden of coronary artery disease in adults with congenital heart disease and its relation to congenital and traditional heart risk factors. Am J Cardiol. 2009; 103(10):1445–1450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.01.353</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kavey RE, Allada V, Daniels SR et al. Cardiovascular risk reduction in high-risk pediatric patients: a scientifc statement from the American Heart Association Expert Panel on Population and Prevention Science; the Councils on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, Epidemiology and Prevention, Nutrition,Physical Activity and Metabolism, High Blood Pressure Research, Cardiovascular Nursing, and the Kidney in Heart Disease; and the Interdisciplinary Working Group on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research. Circulation. 2006;114(24):2710–2738. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.106.179568</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kavey RE, Allada V, Daniels SR et al. Cardiovascular risk reduction in high-risk pediatric patients: a scientifc statement from the American Heart Association Expert Panel on Population and Prevention Science; the Councils on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, Epidemiology and Prevention, Nutrition,Physical Activity and Metabolism, High Blood Pressure Research, Cardiovascular Nursing, and the Kidney in Heart Disease; and the Interdisciplinary Working Group on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research. Circulation. 2006;114(24):2710–2738. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.106.179568</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">de Ferranti S, Steinberger J, Ameduri R et al. on behalf of the American Heart Association Atherosclerosis, Hypertension and Obesity in the Young Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; Council on Clinical Cardiology; and Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research. Cardiovascular risk reduction in high-risk pediatric patients. A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Assiociation. Circulation. 2019;139(13):e603–e634. https://doi.org/10.1161/cir.0000000000000618</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">de Ferranti S, Steinberger J, Ameduri R et al. on behalf of the American Heart Association Atherosclerosis, Hypertension and Obesity in the Young Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; Council on Clinical Cardiology; and Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research. Cardiovascular risk reduction in high-risk pediatric patients. A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Assiociation. Circulation. 2019;139(13):e603–e634. https://doi.org/10.1161/cir.0000000000000618</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Flynn JT, Kaelber DC, Baker-Smith CM et al. Clinical Practice Guideline for Screening and Management of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics. 2017;140(3):e20171904. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-1904</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Flynn JT, Kaelber DC, Baker-Smith CM et al. Clinical Practice Guideline for Screening and Management of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics. 2017;140(3):e20171904. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-1904</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N et al. for the Prospective Studies Collaboration. Age-specifc relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies [published correction appears in Lancet. 2003;361:1060]. Lancet. 2002 Dec 14;360(9349):1903-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(02)11911-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N et al. for the Prospective Studies Collaboration. Age-specifc relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies [published correction appears in Lancet. 2003;361:1060]. Lancet. 2002 Dec 14;360(9349):1903-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(02)11911-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Williams B., Mancia G., Spiering W., Agabiti Rosei E., Azizi M., Burnier M. 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J 2018 Sep 1;39(33):3021-3104. [Erratum in: Eur Heart J. 2019 Feb 1;40(5):475]. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehy339</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Williams B., Mancia G., Spiering W., Agabiti Rosei E., Azizi M., Burnier M. 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J 2018 Sep 1;39(33):3021-3104. [Erratum in: Eur Heart J. 2019 Feb 1;40(5):475]. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehy339</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чазова И.Е., Жернакова Ю.В. Клинические рекомендации. Диагностика и лечение артериальной гипертензии. Системные гипертензии 2019;16:6-31. https://doi.org/10.26442/2075082X.2019.1.190179</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chazova I.E., Zhernakova Yu.V. Diagnosis and treatment of arterial hypertension [Guidelines]. Systemic Hypertension. 2019;16(1):6-31. (in Russ.). https://doi.org/10.26442/2075082X.2019.1.190179</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jebeile H, Kelly AS, O’Malley G et al. Obesity in children and adolescents: epidemiology, causes, assessment, and management. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2022 May;10(5):351-365. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2213-8587(22)00047-x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jebeile H, Kelly AS, O’Malley G et al. Obesity in children and adolescents: epidemiology, causes, assessment, and management. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2022 May;10(5):351-365. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2213-8587(22)00047-x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI) Factsheet. Highlights 2015–17. 2018. Available: https://www.who.int/europe/publications/i/item/WHO-EURO-2021-2495-42251-58349</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI) Factsheet. Highlights 2015–17. 2018. Available: https://www.who.int/europe/publications/i/item/WHO-EURO-2021-2495-42251-58349</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Грицинская В.Л., Новикова В.П., Хавкин А.И. К вопросу об эпидемиологии ожирения у детей и подростков (систематический обзор и мета-анализ научных публикаций за 15-летний период). Вопросы практической педиатрии 2022;17(2):126-135. https://doi.org/10.20953/18177646-2022-2-126-135</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gritsinskaya V.L., Novikova V.P., Khavkin A.I. Epidemiology of obesity in children and adolescents (systematic review and meta-analysis of publications over a 15-year period). Vopr. prakt. pediatr. (Clinical Practice in Pediatrics). 2022;17(2):126–135. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.20953/18177646-2022-2-126-135</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Young Lee, E.; Yoon, K.-H. Epidemic obesity in children and adolescents: Risk factors and prevention. Front. Med. 2018 Dec;12(6):658-666. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11684-018-0640-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Young Lee, E.; Yoon, K.-H. Epidemic obesity in children and adolescents: Risk factors and prevention. Front. Med. 2018 Dec;12(6):658-666. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11684-018-0640-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Morales Camacho,WJ Díaz M, JM Ortiz PS et al.. Childhood obesity: Aetiology, comorbidities, and treatment. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 2019;35:e3203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.3203</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morales Camacho,WJ Díaz M, JM Ortiz PS et al.. Childhood obesity: Aetiology, comorbidities, and treatment. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 2019;35:e3203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.3203</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hampl SE, Hassink SG, Skinner AC et al. Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Obesity. Pediatrics. 2023;151(2):e2022060640. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2022-060640</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hampl SE, Hassink SG, Skinner AC et al. Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Obesity. Pediatrics. 2023;151(2):e2022060640. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2022-060640</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Клинические рекомендации «Ожирение у детей», 2021. https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/schema/229_2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clinical guidelines «Obesity in children», 2021 (in Russ.). https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/schema/229_2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гирш ЯВ, Герасимчик ОА. Роль и место биоимпедансного анализа в оценке состава тела детей и подростков с различной массой тела. Бюллетень сибирской медицины. 2018;17(2):121-132. https://doi.org/10.20538/1682-0363-2018-2-121-132</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Girsh Y.V., Gerasimchik O.A. The role and place of bioimpedance analysis assessment of body composition of children and adolescents with different body mass. Bulletin of Siberian Medicine. 2018;17(2):121-132. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.20538/1682-0363-2018-2-121-132</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Steinberger J, Daniels SR, Hagberg N et al. on behalf of the American Heart Association Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, and Obesity in the Young Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; Council on Epidemiology and Prevention; Council on Functional Genomics and Translational Biology; and Stroke Council. Cardiovascular Health Promotion in Children: Challenges and Opportunities for 2020 and Beyond: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2016;134(12):e236-e255. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000441</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Steinberger J, Daniels SR, Hagberg N et al. on behalf of the American Heart Association Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, and Obesity in the Young Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; Council on Epidemiology and Prevention; Council on Functional Genomics and Translational Biology; and Stroke Council. Cardiovascular Health Promotion in Children: Challenges and Opportunities for 2020 and Beyond: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2016;134(12):e236-e255. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000441</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McCrindle BW, Urbina EM, Dennison BA et al. «Scientific Statement From the American Heart» Association Atherosclerosis, Hypertension and Obesity in Youth Committee, Council of Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, With the Council on Cardiovascular Nursing. Circulation. 2007; 115:1948–1967. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.181946</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McCrindle BW, Urbina EM, Dennison BA et al. «Scientific Statement From the American Heart» Association Atherosclerosis, Hypertension and Obesity in Youth Committee, Council of Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, With the Council on Cardiovascular Nursing. Circulation. 2007; 115:1948–1967. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.181946</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">de Ferranti SD, Rodday AM, Mendelson MM et al. Prevalence of familial hypercholesterolemia in the 1999 to 2012 United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES). Circulation. 2016;133:1067–1072. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018791</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">de Ferranti SD, Rodday AM, Mendelson MM et al. Prevalence of familial hypercholesterolemia in the 1999 to 2012 United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES). Circulation. 2016;133:1067–1072. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018791</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nordestgaard BG, Chapman MJ, Humphries SE et al.; European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel. Familial hypercholesterolaemia is underdiagnosed and undertreated in the general population: guidance for clinicians to prevent coronary heart disease:consensus statement of the European Atherosclerosis Society. Eur Heart J. 2013; 34(45): 3478-90а. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/eht273</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nordestgaard BG, Chapman MJ, Humphries SE et al.; European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel. Familial hypercholesterolaemia is underdiagnosed and undertreated in the general population: guidance for clinicians to prevent coronary heart disease:consensus statement of the European Atherosclerosis Society. Eur Heart J. 2013; 34(45): 3478-90а. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/eht273</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Perak AM, Ning H, de Ferranti SD et al. Long-term risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in US adults with the familial hypercholesterolemia phenotype. Circulation. 2016; 134:9–19. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.116.022335</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Perak AM, Ning H, de Ferranti SD et al. Long-term risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in US adults with the familial hypercholesterolemia phenotype. Circulation. 2016; 134:9–19. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.116.022335</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ежов М.В., Бажан С.С., Ершова А.И. и др. Клинические рекомендации по семейной гиперхолестеринемиии. Атеросклероз и дислипидемии. 2019;15(1):58-98.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ezhov M.V., Bazhan S.S., Ershova A.I., et al. Clinical guidelines for familial hypercholesterolemia. Ateroscleroz. 2019;15(1):58-98. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kusters DM, de Beaufort C, Widhalm K et al. Paediatric screening for hypercholesterolaemia in Europe. Arch Dis Child. 2012;97:272–276. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2011-300081</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kusters DM, de Beaufort C, Widhalm K et al. Paediatric screening for hypercholesterolaemia in Europe. Arch Dis Child. 2012;97:272–276. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2011-300081</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Patni N, Ahmad Z, Wilson DP. Genetics and Dyslipidemia. In: Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Boyce A, et al., eds. Endotext. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; February 11, 2020. PMID: 27809445</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Patni N, Ahmad Z, Wilson DP. Genetics and Dyslipidemia. In: Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Boyce A, et al., eds. Endotext. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; February 11, 2020. PMID: 27809445</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Курбанисмаилова П.М., Попова А.Б., Драненко Н.Ю. и др. Проблема выявления пациентов с семейной гиперхолестеринемией; Клиническая практика. 2017;3:61-69.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kurbanismailova P.M., Popova A.B., Dranenko N.Yu., Sergienko I.V. Aspects of detecting patients with family hypercholesterolemia. Clinical practice. 2017;3:61-69 (in Russ).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Цанава И.А., Шаронова Л.А., Вербовой А.Ф. Метаболический синдром и сердечно-сосудистые заболевания. РМЖ 2017; 11:785-789.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsanava I.A., Sharonova L.A., Verbovoy A.F. Metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases. RMJ 2017; 11:785-789 (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Al-Beltagi M, Bediwy AS, Saeed NK. Insulin-resistance in paediatric age: Its magnitude and implications. World J Diabetes. 2022; 13(4):282–307. https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v13.i4.282</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Al-Beltagi M, Bediwy AS, Saeed NK. Insulin-resistance in paediatric age: Its magnitude and implications. World J Diabetes. 2022; 13(4):282–307. https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v13.i4.282</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Castorani V, Polidor N, Giannini C et al. Insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in children. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2020; 25(4):217–226. https://doi.org/10.6065/apem.2040090.045</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Castorani V, Polidor N, Giannini C et al. Insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in children. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2020; 25(4):217–226. https://doi.org/10.6065/apem.2040090.045</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the IDF, NHLBI, AHA, WHF, IAS, IASO. Circulation, 2009, Oct 20, 120(16):1640-1645. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/2071-8713-5281</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the IDF, NHLBI, AHA, WHF, IAS, IASO. Circulation, 2009, Oct 20, 120(16):1640-1645. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/2071-8713-5281</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zimmet P, Alberti KG, Kaufman F et al. IDF Consensus Group. The metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents – an IDF consensus report. Pediatr Diabetes. 2007; 8(5):299–306. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-5448.2007.00271.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zimmet P, Alberti KG, Kaufman F et al. IDF Consensus Group. The metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents – an IDF consensus report. Pediatr Diabetes. 2007; 8(5):299–306. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-5448.2007.00271.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сахарова Г.М., Антонов Н.С., Салагай О.О. и др. Глобальное обследование употребления табака среди молодежи в возрасте 13–15 лет в Российской Федерации: сравнение тенденций в 2004 и 2015 гг. Пульмонология. 2017; 27(2):179-186. https://doi.org/10.18093/0869/0189/2017/27(2)179-186</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sakharova G.M., Antonov N.S., Salagay O.O., Donitova V.V. Global survey on tobacco consumption by young subjects 13 to 15 years of age in Russian Federation (2004 – 2015). Pulmonologiya. 2017;27(2):179-186. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.18093/0869/0189/2017/27(2)179-186</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Oberg M, Jaakkola MS, Woodward A et al. Worldwide burden of disease from exposure to second-hand smoke: a retrospective analysis of data from 192 countries. Lancet. 2011;377(9760):139-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61388-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oberg M, Jaakkola MS, Woodward A et al. Worldwide burden of disease from exposure to second-hand smoke: a retrospective analysis of data from 192 countries. Lancet. 2011;377(9760):139-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61388-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rosen LJ, Myers V, Hovell M et al. Meta-analysis of parental protection of children from tobacco smoke exposure. Pediatrics. 2014;133:698–714. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-0958</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rosen LJ, Myers V, Hovell M et al. Meta-analysis of parental protection of children from tobacco smoke exposure. Pediatrics. 2014;133:698–714. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-0958</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yang H, Ma C, Zhao M et al. Prevalence and trend of smokeless tobacco use and its associated factors among adolescents aged 12–16 years in 138 countries/territories, 1999–2019. BMC Med . 2022 Nov 25;20(1):460. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-022-02662-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yang H, Ma C, Zhao M et al. Prevalence and trend of smokeless tobacco use and its associated factors among adolescents aged 12–16 years in 138 countries/territories, 1999–2019. BMC Med . 2022 Nov 25;20(1):460. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-022-02662-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">National Cancer Institute and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Smokeless Tobacco and Public Health: A Global Perspective. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute. NIH Publication No. 14-7983; 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">National Cancer Institute and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Smokeless Tobacco and Public Health: A Global Perspective. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute. NIH Publication No. 14-7983; 2014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рекомендации ВОЗ по вопросам физической активности и малоподвижного образа жизни. Женева: Всемирная организация здравоохранения; 2021 г;. 104 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behavior. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021; 104 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">US Department of Health and Human Services. Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. US Department of Health and Human Services. 2008 Url: www.health.gov/paguidelines</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">US Department of Health and Human Services. Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. US Department of Health and Human Services. 2008 Url: www.health.gov/paguidelines</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit60"><label>60</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Janssen I. Physical activity guidelines for children and youth. Can J Public Health. 2007; 98 (Suppl. 2): S109–21. PMID: 18213942</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Janssen I. Physical activity guidelines for children and youth. Can J Public Health. 2007; 98 (Suppl. 2): S109–21. PMID: 18213942</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit61"><label>61</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ainsworth BE, Haskell WL, Whitt MC et al. Compendium of physical activities: an update of activity codes and MET intensities. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000;32(9 Suppl):S498-504. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200009001-00009</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ainsworth BE, Haskell WL, Whitt MC et al. Compendium of physical activities: an update of activity codes and MET intensities. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000;32(9 Suppl):S498-504. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200009001-00009</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit62"><label>62</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">2021 Dietary guidance to improve cardiovascular health: a scientific statement from American Heart Association. Circulation . 2021 Dec 7;144(23):e472-e487. https://doi.org/10.1161/cir.0000000000001031</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">2021 Dietary guidance to improve cardiovascular health: a scientific statement from American Heart Association. Circulation . 2021 Dec 7;144(23):e472-e487. https://doi.org/10.1161/cir.0000000000001031</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit63"><label>63</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Styne DM, Arslanian SA, Connor EL et al. Pediatric Obesity-Assessment, Treatment, and Prevention: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017 Mar 1;102(3):709-757. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2016-2573</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Styne DM, Arslanian SA, Connor EL et al. Pediatric Obesity-Assessment, Treatment, and Prevention: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017 Mar 1;102(3):709-757. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2016-2573</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit64"><label>64</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Peterson AL, McNeal CJ, Wilson DP. Prevention of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in Children with Familial Hypercholesterolemia. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2021 Aug 27;23(10):64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11883-021-00959-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Peterson AL, McNeal CJ, Wilson DP. Prevention of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in Children with Familial Hypercholesterolemia. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2021 Aug 27;23(10):64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11883-021-00959-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit65"><label>65</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yeung J, Chisholm K, Spinks C et al. Familial hypercholesterolaemia: Experience of a tertiary paediatric lipid clinic. J Paediatr Child Health. 2021 Aug;57(8):1201-1207. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.12036</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yeung J, Chisholm K, Spinks C et al. Familial hypercholesterolaemia: Experience of a tertiary paediatric lipid clinic. J Paediatr Child Health. 2021 Aug;57(8):1201-1207. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.12036</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
