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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">evrazkar</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Евразийский Кардиологический Журнал</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Eurasian heart journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2225-1685</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2305-0748</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Евразийская ассоциация кардиологов</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.38109/2225-1685-2023-1-100-107</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">evrazkar-6370</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>МикроРНК: взгляд клинициста на состояние проблемы. Часть 1. История вопроса</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Elfimova. MicroRNA: a clinician’s view of the state of the problem. Part 1. History of the issue</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5820-1759</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Миронова</surname><given-names>О. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mironova</surname><given-names>O. Iu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Миронова Ольга Юрьевна, доктор медицинских наук, профессор кафедры факультетской терапии №1 Института клинической медицины им. Н.В. Склифосовского</p><p>ул. Большая Пироговская, д. 6, стр. 1, г. Москва 119435</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga Iu. Mironova, Dr. of Sci. (Med.), Professor, Chair of Faculty Therapy № 1, N.V. Sklifosovsky Institute of Clinical Medicine</p><p>Bol. Pirogovskava, 6/1, Moscow 119435</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mironova_o_yu@staff.sechenov.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3393-6863</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бердышева</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Berdysheva</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бердышева Мария Валерьевна, студент 5 курса</p><p>ул. Большая Пироговская, д. 6, стр. 1, г. Москва 119435</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mariia V. Berdysheva, 5th year medical student</p><p>Bol. Pirogovskava, 6/1, Moscow 119435</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">berdyshevaam@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3140-5030</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Елфимова</surname><given-names>Е. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Elfimova</surname><given-names>E. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Елфимова Евгения Михайловна, кандидат медицинских наук, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории апноэ сна отдела гипертонии</p><p> ул. 3-я Черепковская, д. 15 А, г. Москва 121552</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Eugenia M. Elfimova, Cand. of Sci. (Med.), senior research scientist of the Sleep Laboratory, Hypertension Department</p><p>3rd Cherepkovskaya street, 15a, Moscow, 121552</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">eelfimova@cardio.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАОУ Первый МГМУ им. И. М. Сеченова (Сеченовский Университет) МЗ РФ</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «НМИЦ кардиологии имени академика Е.И. Чазова» МЗ РФ</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>E.I. Chazov National Medical Research Centre Of Cardiology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>01</day><month>03</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>100</fpage><lpage>107</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Миронова О.Ю., Бердышева М.В., Елфимова Е.М., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Миронова О.Ю., Бердышева М.В., Елфимова Е.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Mironova O.I., Berdysheva M.V., Elfimova E.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.heartj.asia/jour/article/view/6370">https://www.heartj.asia/jour/article/view/6370</self-uri><abstract><p>Большой объём генетической информации локализован в микроРНК, представляющих класс некодирующих РНК, образуемых из более длинных РНК-предшественников, обычно имеющих длину 19–24 нуклеотида и специфическую шпилечную структуру. Хотя исследования микроРНК были начаты относительно недавно, в настоящее время уже нет сомнений в том, что они играют важную роль в регуляции экспрессии генов на посттранскрипционном уровне в эмбриональном развитии, а также участвуют в поддержании нормальных функций клеток взрослого организма. Впервые микроРНК была обнаружена при изучении свободноживущих нематод Caenorhabditis elegans, и в свою очередь был показан новый механизм подавления экспрессии с помощью антисмысловой РНК. МикроРНК может входить в состав транскриптов, кодирующих белки, или находиться в межгенных областях генома. Изменение функциональной активности и количества микроРНК может привести к таким заболеваниям, как онкологические, сердечно-сосудистые, гинекологические, нефрологические, а также микроРНК участвует в процессе нейродегенерации и развитии психических заболеваний. Так как часть микроРНК является специфичной для определенных тканей и/или стадий развития организма, молекулы микроРНК могут рассматриваться как перспективный инструмент диагностики. Среди преимуществ данных биомаркеров можно выделить возможность обнаружения патологии в латентной стадии, малую инвазивность проводимых исследований, а также относительную устойчивость к разрушающим факторам. При этом отмечается возможность выявления микроРНК в различных биологических жидкостях: сыворотке крови, моче, семенной жидкости, слюне, грудном молоке. В настоящее время широко обсуждаются возможности применения микроРНК в таргетной терапии в связи с возможностью регулирования экспрессии генов с нежелательными свойствами либо гиперэкспрессии ингибиторов микроРНК для предотвращения негативных эффектов микроРНК, обусловливающих развитие заболевания. В первой части обзора подробно обсуждается исторический аспект изучения микроРНК, их механизм образования, особенности циркулирующих микроРНК и возможное терапевтическое влияние экзогенных микроРНК, поступающих с пищей, на организм человека.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>A large amount of genetic information is localized in microRNAs which are a class of non-coding RNAs formed from longer RNA precursors, usually having a length of 19-24 nucleotides and a specific hairpin structure. Although microRNA studies have been started relatively recently, there is no doubt that they play an important role in regulating gene expression at the post-transcriptional level in embryonic development, and are also involved in maintaining the normal functions of adult cells. For the first time, microRNA was discovered in the study of free-living nematodes Caenorhabditis elegans and then a new mechanism for suppressing expression using antisense RNA was discovered. MicroRNA may be part of protein-coding transcripts or may be located in the intergenic genome regions. Changes in the functional activity and number of microRNAs can lead to diseases such as oncological, cardiovascular, gynecological, and neurological. MicroRNA is also involved in the process of neurodegeneration and the development of mental diseases. Since part of the microRNA is specific to certain tissues and/or stages of development of the organism, microRNA molecules can be considered as a promising diagnostic tool. Among the advantages of these biomarkers are the possibility of detecting pathology in the latent stage, the low invasiveness of studies and resistance to destructive factors. At the same time, microRNAs can be detected in various biological fluids: blood serum, urine, seminal fluid, saliva, breast milk. Currently, the possibilities of using microRNAs in targeted therapy are widely discussed in connection with the possibility of regulating the expression of genes with undesirable properties or overexpression of microRNA inhibitors to prevent the negative effects of microRNAs that cause the development of the disease. The first part of the review discusses the historical aspect of the study of microRNAs, their mechanism of formation, the features of circulating microRNAs and the possible therapeutic effect of exogenous microRNAs coming from food on the human body.</p><p> </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>мРНК</kwd><kwd>биоинформационный поиск</kwd><kwd>биомаркер</kwd><kwd>посттранскрипционная регуляция экспрессии</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>miRNA</kwd><kwd>mRNA</kwd><kwd>biomarker</kwd><kwd>posttranscriptional expression regulation</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gresele P. et al. (eds.) Antiplatelet Agents, Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, 2012; p. 435-445.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gresele P. et al. (eds.) 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